Factors affecting flux in membrane distillation

Characterization and evaluation of carbon nanotube Bucky-Paper membranes for direct contact membrane distillation

“…The dominating regime is indicated by the Knüdsen number (K n ), defined as the ratio of the mean free path (λ) to the pore diameter (d) [14][15][16]. The mean free path is defined as:…”

“…The images were analysed using the software, ISIS and the edge-pores were not taken in consideration for the calculations. The minimum, mean and maximum average pore size distributions were calculated using Feret's approach [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In this method, 3 diameters are calculated for each pore, corresponding namely to the minimum, the mean and the maximum pore size, which gives information on pore shape distribution.…”

“…For Knüdsen numbers, K n > 1, the molecule -pore wall collisions dominate leading to Knüdsen type flow: For isoporous membranes with circular pores the permeance is given by [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]:…”

Desalination by membrane distillation adopting a hydrophilic membrane

“…On the other hand, the vapour pressure of pure water at temperature T,, h can also be estimated from the Antoine equation, called P,,h(pa,~). AS a result, the mole fraction ofNaC1 (X) can be calculated from the ratio of P~h(ca~) to P,,h~r~) [14], and the as calculated weight percentage of NaC1 was designated as C,,b. Accordingly, the ratio of C,b to Cb, NaC1 concentration in the bulk solution, was used to evaluate the coneentration polarisation.…”

Carbon nanotube based composite membranes for water desalination by membrane distillation

“…These self-supporting BPs were thoroughly characterized in a previous study [9] and found to exhibit many properties desirable for DCMD [7]. Most importantly they exhibit a high porosity (~90%) and contact angle with deionised water (~120°), a thermal conductivity of ~2.3 W/m×K and a tensile Young's modulus of ~1…”