Factors affecting digestibility of starches and their implications on adult dog health

Alvarenga, Isabella Corsato; Aldrich, Charles G; Shi, Yong‐Cheng

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115134

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…20%-30%) and larger branched amylopectin (ca. 70%-80%; Zobel, 1988 ; Corsato Alvarenga et al, 2021a ). Mammalian enzymes can break these α-1,4 glucose bonds in digestible starches, releasing glucose which is absorbed in the SI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of corn-based dog foods through pelleting, baking and extrusion and their effect on apparent total tract digestibility and colonic health of adult dogs

Corsato Alvarenga,

Lierz,

Chen

et al. 2024

Journal of Animal Science

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Different food processing parameters may alter starch granule structure and its cooking degree. With lower thermomechanical energy, more resistant starch (RS) is retained in the food, which may benefit gastrointestinal (GI) health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of food processing on dietary utilization and dog gut health. Experimental diets containing 56% corn as the sole starch source were produced through pelleting, baking, and extrusion and compared to a baked control diet in which the corn was replaced with dextrose. The extruded diet resulted in the highest level (P < 0.05) of in vitro starch cook and lowest RS, while baked was intermediate and pelleted had the lowest starch cook and highest RS. To evaluate the in vivo effects of these treatments, twelve dogs were adapted to foods for 9 d, and feces were collected for 5 d in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Feces were scored for consistency using an ordinal scale, and parametric data included apparent digestibility (ATTD), parameters indicative of gut health, and the microbial composition, which was centered log-ratio transformed before operational taxonomical unit (OTU) analyses. Fecal scores were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression, and parametric data was analyzed as mixed models. Overall ATTD was greater (P < 0.05) in extruded, followed by baked and pelleted. Dogs fed the control had osmotic diarrhea, whereas dogs fed the other treatments had mostly acceptable fecal scores, with extrusion leading to the best fecal quality. The control also led to high fecal pH and low SCFAs, indicating dysbiosis. All corn foods had similar (P > 0.05) fecal SCFAs and extruded tended (P = 0.055) to promote higher fecal butyrate than baked and pelleted. The microbiome of dogs fed the corn foods had similar α diversity indices, and OTUs at the species and phyla levels were mostly alike and different from the control. In conclusion, the higher levels of in vitro RS did not translate into a better in vivo fermentation profile, and extruded kibble performed best regarding fecal quality, ATTD, and fecal SCFAs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of corn-based dog foods through pelleting, baking and extrusion and their effect on apparent total tract digestibility and colonic health of adult dogs

Corsato Alvarenga,

Lierz,

Chen

et al. 2024

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Digestibility of starch could be affected by the degree of thermal processing since the gelatinization degree has implications on starch utilization in dogs. Less cooked starches contain a higher proportion of resistant starch and are less digestible in dogs ( 54 ). The decreased degree of cooking as we increase the WSB level in diets might have reduced the DM ATTD in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apparent total tract digestibility and palatability of extruded diets with graded levels of whole soybeans by dogs

Kim

Zheng

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Fat has high energy density and is considered one of the primary energy sources for dogs, however, increasing fat level in dry dog food has been challenging due to the lubrication and limitation of the coating system. The objective was to determine the effect of whole soybeans (WSB) on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability by dogs. The corn gluten meal, chicken fat, and brewers rice were replaced by WSB at 10, 20, and 30% (WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively) in the base diet (WSB0). Twelve beagles were randomly assigned. The digestibility trial was duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design where dogs were allowed a 9-d adaptation followed by a 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Least-square means were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. Palatability was determined with a 2-bowl test by 20 beagles for 2 d with each WSB diet compared to the WSB0. First choice preference between two diets and total food consumption were recorded. Individual intake ratios (IR) were calculated (intake of each diet/total intake) for each dog. First choice (FC) was analyzed by a Chi-square probability, and the diet consumption was compared by a Wilcoxon signed rank test and a 2-way analysis of variance. Fecal moisture, output, and defecation frequency increased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dogs fed the increased level of WSB. The fresh fecal pH in dogs decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB content increased. The acetate, propionate, and the total short-chain fatty acid concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05) while the total branched-chain fatty acid concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Dogs had greater (P < 0.05) FC for WSB diets than WSB0, but there was no difference among treatments for diet consumption and IR. In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility of WSB. The stool quality and palatability were not affected, and fermentation in hindgut increased by WSB by dogs.

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“…The digestible energy was lowest in Beagles fed LA-GI, which corresponded to the lower macronutrient ATTD. Additionally, the digestibility of diets has been related to a greater gelatinization, obtained during the extrusion process, in pulses that are typically greater inclusions in grain-free diets ( Monti et al, 2016 ; Alvarengo et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines

Clark¹,

Hsu

McCauley³

et al. 2023

Journal of Animal Science

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This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 days. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P < 0.05). In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had a greater (P < 0.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not observed in Beagles. There were greater concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in HA-GI than in LA-GF (P < 0.05). Breed affected fecal primary bile acid concentration, as mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of cholic acid (CA) than Beagles (P < 0.05). Mixed-breed hounds fed LA-GF resulted in greater CA concentrations than HA-GI and LA-GI (P < 0.05). Dogs who consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary bile acid content than the other groups (P < 0.05). The distribution of the fecal microbiota community differed in LA-GF compared with the other groups, with lower α-diversity. However, dogs fed LA-GF had the largest difference in composition with greater Selenomonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Megamonas, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Bifidobacterium sp. than the other groups. A significant breed effect was noted on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota. A treatment effect was observed in LA-GF as it resulted in greater fecal SCFA, lower protein fermentative end-products, greater fecal primary bile acids, lower fecal secondary bile acid concentrations, and shifts in fecal microbiota.

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Factors affecting digestibility of starches and their implications on adult dog health

Cited by 8 publications

References 120 publications

Processing of corn-based dog foods through pelleting, baking and extrusion and their effect on apparent total tract digestibility and colonic health of adult dogs

Processing of corn-based dog foods through pelleting, baking and extrusion and their effect on apparent total tract digestibility and colonic health of adult dogs

Apparent total tract digestibility and palatability of extruded diets with graded levels of whole soybeans by dogs

The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines

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