Factorial Investigation of Cobalt Retention by Ti and Fe Oxides-Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Multivariate Against Univariate Analysis

Abstract

Fe/Ti-oxides-modified-carbon nanotubes CNTs nanocomposites were prepared and tested toward Co removal from solution under different operational conditions. The final performance of the nanocomposites for Co was highly dependent on the type and loaded amount of the oxides. The nanocomposites were characterized by standard methods and the results evidenced that the presence of CNTs hampers the growth of Fe3O4 and TiO2 particles and forming smaller nano-particles leading to better Co removal from solution. Analysis of isotherms at different temperatures indicated that Co retention was two-fold increased upon adding Ti-oxides up to 90.2%. All isotherms were fairly presented using Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm and most surfaces have high heterogeneity particularly after deposition of oxides. The combined influence of the factors was investigated by running a multivariate analysis. An empirical equation was generated by principal component analysis (PCA) for predicting Co retention assuming different relationships and the binary-interaction behavior between factors was the most dominant: Co retention (mg/g) = 5.12 + 1.25Conc + 1.47Temp − 1.38CNT% − 6.03Ti% − 5.03Fe% − 0.01Conc2 + 0.12Temp2 − 0.55CNT%2 − 1.53Ti%2 − 3.44Fe%2 + 0.17Conc × Temp + 0.07Conc × CNT% + 0.07Conc × Ti% + 0.10Conc × Fe% + 0.21Temp × CNT% + 0.10Temp × Ti% + 0.17Temp × Fe% − 1.67CNT% × Ti% − 1.45CNT% × Fe% − 4.11Ti% × Fe%. The most dominant factors on Co retention were temperature and concentration (positive linear correlation) and the positive interaction between temperature/concentration and temperature/CNTs mass. PCA indicated that the coefficient Temp × CNTs (+0.21) was higher than Temp × Ti% (+0.10). The negative coefficients of Ti/Fe with CNTs (1.45–4.11) indicated better Co retention at higher Ti/Fe loads and lower mass of CNTs. The results support that fact that incorporation of CNTs with Ti/Fe oxides may have a positive synergic impact on Co retention.