Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female sexual assault survivors: An exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Fuse, Tiffany; Forsyth, John P.; Marx, Brian P.; Gallup, Gordon G.; Weaver, Scott R.

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.004

Cited by 79 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The observed percentages in the case of physical maltreatment or sexual abuse were slightly higher than those obtained by other authors (Fusé et al, 2007;Heidt et al, 2005) when studying people who had suffered sexual abuse or assault. However, the observed percentages for violent crime were lower than those reported by Fiszman et al, (2008), which is as expected given that these authors studied patients with PTSD subsequent to being victims of violent crime.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…Finally, in order to examine the prevalence of TI we began by loosely defining significant TI as a score equal to or above the theoretical mean (15) on the TIS-BM, the same approach as was used by Fusé et al (2007). Based on this criterion, 39.2% of the total sample had experienced TI in response to their worst traumatic experience.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Timentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difference between events was significant: χ 2 (4, N = 273) = 23.09, p < .0005; φ = .291. With a higher cut-off point of 20, a criterion also used by Fusé et al (2007), only 13.2% of the sample was considered to have reacted with a high level of TI. The difference between events continued to be significant: χ 2 (4, N = 273) = 18.68, p < .001; φ = .262.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Timentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the cut-off point set at equal to or above the theoretical mean on the scale used, TI was reported by 41.5-52% of women who had suffered sexual abuse or assault (Fusé, Forsyth, Marx, Gallup, & Weaver, 2007;Heidt et al, 2005) and by 43% of patients with PTSD subsequent to urban violence (Fiszman et al, 2008). More extreme immobility, defined as a score at least five points above the theoretical mean on the scale, was reported by 10.5-12.5% of women who had suffered sexual abuse or assault (Fusé et al, 2007;Heidt et al, 2005). Although these latter percentages are much lower they nonetheless represent a considerable number of people.…”

Section: *) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the few variables that have been studied is the kind of traumatic event experienced. TI is reported by a significant proportion of victims of sexual abuse and/or assault (Fusé et al, 2007;Heidt et al, 2005), although it also occurs after other types of trauma such as robberies, assaults, traffic accidents, natural and industrial disasters, and receiving news of the violent or unexpected death of a loved one (Abrams et al, 2009;Bados, Toribio, & García-Grau, 2008;Fiszman et al, 2008;Leach, 2004).…”

Section: *) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictores de la inmovilidad tónica ante eventos traumáticos

2015

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Título: Predictores de la inmovilidad tónica ante eventos traumáticos. Resumen: La inmovilidad tónica (IT) es una posible reacción ante el peligro que es facilitada por el miedo intenso, la restricción física y la incapacidad percibida de escapar. Otras variables que podrían influir, tales como el tipo de eventos traumáticos, características de los mismos y características personales han sido poco o nada estudiadas. El presente estudio evaluó la capacidad de estas variables para predecir la IT en una muestra de 273 universitarios que habían experimentado al menos un suceso traumático. El 7.7% y el 13.2% de participantes reaccionaron con IT según las dos definiciones más estrictas adoptadas. La mayoría de las variables estuvieron significativamente asociadas con la IT en análisis univariantes. Sin embargo, en un análisis de regresión múltiple, sólo ciertas características de los eventos (ocurrencia de maltrato físico/ abuso sexual, número de tipos diferentes de eventos experimentados) y determinadas reacciones ante los mismos (percepción de lo traumáticos que fueron, respuesta de miedo intenso) fueron predictores significativos de la IT. Puesto que estos predictores sólo explicaron el 25% de la varianza, debería investigarse la influencia de otras variables, tales como el neuroticismo, la afectividad negativa y la sensación de falta de control personal o de recursos para afrontar los eventos traumáti-cos. Palabras clave: inmovilidad tónica; eventos traumáticos; trauma; Escala de Inmovilidad Tónica; Cuestionario de Eventos Traumáticos.Abstract: Tonic immobility (TI) is a possible reaction to danger that is facilitated by intense fear, physical restraint and perceived inability to escape. Other variables that could affect TI, such as the type and characteristics of traumatic events and personal characteristics have been little or no studied. The present study evaluated the power of these variables to predict TI in a sample of 273 college students who had experienced at least one traumatic event. Of the sample, 7.7% and 13.2% responded with TI according to the two stricter definitions adopted. Most of the variables were significantly associated with TI in univariate analyses. However, in a multiple regression analysis, only certain features of the events (occurrence of physical/sexual abuse, number of different types of events experienced) and certain reactions to them (perception of how traumatic were the events, severe fear response) were significant predictors of TI. Since these predictors explained only 25% of the variance, the influence of other variables -such as neuroticism, negative affectivity and perceived lack of personal control or resources to cope with traumatic events-should be investigated.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Prevalence Of Timentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Timentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: *) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: *) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictores de la inmovilidad tónica ante eventos traumáticos

2015

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Tonic immobility differentiates stress responses in PTSD

Fragkaki

Stins²,

Roelofs

et al. 2016

Brain and Behavior

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Background: Tonic immobility (TI) is a state of physical immobility associated with extreme stress and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is unknown whether TI is associated with a distinct actual stress response, i.e., objective immobility measured by a stabilometric platform. This study made a first step in exploring this as well as differences in body sway responses between PTSD patients and healthy controls. We hypothesized that PTSD would be related to increased body sway under stress, whereas TI would be related to decreased body sway under stress.Methods: Eye closure was selected as a PTSD-relevant stress induction procedure.Body sway and heart rate (HR) were measured in 12 PTSD patients and 12 healthy controls in four conditions: (1) maintaining a stable stance with eyes open, (2) with eyes closed, (3) during a mental arithmetic task with eyes open, and (4) with eyes closed. Results: As predicted, PTSD patients showed increased body sway from eyes open toeyes closed compared to controls and this effect was eliminated by executing the arithmetic task. Most importantly, retrospective self-reported TI was associated with lower body sway increases in PTSD and higher body sway decreases in controls from eyes-open to eyes-closed conditions. Conclusions:These preliminary findings suggest that eye closure has a different effect on PTSD patients than controls and that high self-reported TI might indicate a distinct stress response pattern, i.e., a proneness for immobility. It may be relevant to take such individual differences in stress-response into account in PTSD treatment. K E Y W O R D Sbehavioral activation, life events, PTSD, stress, trauma

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