Factor structure of the Gender Role Conflict Scale-Short Form in Chinese heterosexual and gay samples.

Zhang, Chunyu; Blashill, Aaron J.; Wester, Stephen R.; O’Neil, James M.; Vogel, David L.; Wei, Jia; Zhang, Jinfu

doi:10.1037/a0036154

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We found a good fit for the four-factor as well as the bifactor structure of the GRCS-SF. These results are comparable to those of other studies that analyzed the psychometric properties of the GRCS-SF ( Levant et al, 2015 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ; Hammer et al, 2017 ; García-Sánchez et al, 2018 ). Additionally, the factor loadings of the four-factor model are very similar to those obtained in the original study by Wester et al (2012) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, Wester et al (2012) developed the GRCS-SF with the intention that it would be used in more culturally and socio-demographically diverse samples. The current analysis tested the psychometric properties in an Austrian sample of men with diverse socio-demographic background who were older than men in previous studies of the GRCS-SF’s psychometric properties ( Levant et al, 2015 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ; García-Sánchez et al, 2018 ). Therefore, the results of the current analysis support the claim that the GRCS-SF is applicable in samples of men with diverse socio-demographic backgrounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A further validation study of the GRCS-SF was conducted in China. In this case, a more diverse sample was selected among young men ( Zhang et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of the Internal Structure of a German-Language Version of the Gender Role Conflict Scale – Short Form

et al. 2018

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The Gender Role Conflict Scale – Short Form (GRCS-SF) assesses a person’s masculine gender role conflict. Masculine gender role conflict results when a person experiences discomfort showing a certain behavior because it is in conflict with masculine norms. The aim of the study was to test the questionnaire’s psychometric properties in an Austrian sample of older men. Three alternative structural models of the GRCS-SF were tested with confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). The maximum-likelihood method and the Bollen–Stine Bootstrap Method were used to estimate the fit indices of the CFA. Convergent validity was tested by correlating the GRCS-SF with the Sexual Performance Belief Scale (SPBS). Participating in the study were 127 male in-patients of a university hospital. Men’s average age was 59.5 (SD = 14.6) years. The one-factor model did not fit the empirical data well. In contrast, both the four-factor structure model and the bifactor structure model were supported. Good internal consistencies indicated acceptable reliabilities of the questionnaire’s scales. As expected, moderate to large correlations with the SPBS were detected. These findings support the claim that the GRCS-SF is a reliable and valid tool for assessing men’s gender role conflict also in a sample of older men in Austria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of the Internal Structure of a German-Language Version of the Gender Role Conflict Scale – Short Form

et al. 2018

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“…However, prior research on the original GRCS and IHS from which the IBHS was derived would suggest that we would expect a 6-factor structure from these three scales. In other research on the GRCS over the years, studies with participants from multiple races and specifically with gay men consistently supported a 4-factor, rather than a 2-factor structure (Wester, Vogel, O’Neil, & Danforth, 2012 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Measuring Gender Role Conflict, Internalized Stigma, and Racial and Sexual Identity in Behaviorally Bisexual Black Men

et al. 2021

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Black men who have sex with men and women (BMSMW) experience pressure to fill hypermasculine ideals and may not identify with “gay” cultural norms. Existing measures of gender role expectations and internalized homophobia are not culturally appropriate for BMSMW. Researchers generally measure categorical identification with race, gender, and sexual orientation groups separately, whereas BMSMW may identify with multiple categories. We modified the Gender Role Conflict Scale to create the M-GRCS and the Internalized Homophobia Scale to include biphobia (Internalized Bi/Homophobia Scale, IBHS). To examine identification at the intersection of race, gender, and sexual orientation, we created 11 Integrated Race and Sexuality Scale (IRSS) items. With data from 429 BMSMW, we conducted exploratory factor analysis of the 59 items using categorical principal axis factoring with unweighted least squares extraction and Promax factor rotation. We created simple-summated multi-item scales and evaluated their construct validity. The rotated solution yielded four factors with 47 items and a simple factor structure: M-GRCS defined two factors (α = .93 for restricted emotionality/affection; .87 for success/power/competition); the IBHS (α = .89) and IRSS (α = .74) each defined a single factor. The IRSS factor was positively correlated with the Lukwago Racial Pride Scale, r(417) = .40. The IBHS factor was negatively correlated with the IRSS factor, r(414) = − .22. The two M-GRCS factors suggest that the construct of hypermasculinity impacts BMSMW. The high IBHS reliability indicates that homophobia and biphobia were positively correlated in this sample. These three scales have potential for future studies with BMSMW.

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“…Importantly, the scale has been completed by participants residing in various countries outside of the United States (e.g., Australia, Germany, and Hong Kong) and, in more recent years, has been distributed to samples that fall outside the typical parameters of white, heterosexual college students (O'Neil 2015). Currently, three elaborations of the GRCS have been published: Gender Role Conflict Scale-Short Form (GRCS-SF; Wester et al 2012), which has recently been translated for use with Chinese men (Zhang et al 2015); Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents (GRCS-A; Blazina et al 2005); and the Korean Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents (K-GRCS-A; Kim et al 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development and Validation of the Gender Role Conflict Scale for Irish Adolescent Boys

Beaglaoich¹,

Kiss²,

Bheaglaoich³

et al. 2016

Boyhood Studies

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Ó Beaglaoich and associates (2013, 2015a, 2015b) report that the Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents (GRCS-A, Blazina et al. 2005) may not be suitable for use with Irish boys. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to develop a culturally appropriate measure of gender role conflict (GRC). The resultant 26item scale was entitled the Gender Role Conflict Scale for Irish Adolescents (GRCS-IA). It had satisfactory scale score reliability and a unidimensional factor structure. Evidence of convergent validity was adduced through statistically significant correlations between participants' gender role conflict and indices of psychological functioning (i.e., self-esteem and state as well as trait anxiety). The divergent validity of the GRCS-IA also was demonstrated (i.e., participants' gender role conflict did not correlate significantly with their endorsement of masculine norms). Limitations of the current study are outlined and directions for future research are discussed. KEYWORDS boys, gender role conflict, Ireland, masculinity, psychometrics Gender role conflict (GRC), defined as a "psychological state in which socialized gender roles have negative consequences for the person or others" (O'Neil 2015: 42), prevents individuals from realizing their full potential as human beings. Furthermore, findings from more than 350 studies suggest that GRC may compromise men's psychological and physical health (O'Neil 2015). To illustrate: GRC correlates positively with depression, stress, anxiety, shame, body dissatisfaction, alexithymia, substance use/misuse, and suicide probability, and negatively with self-esteem. The associations between GRC and both depression and self-esteem are particularly robust, having been found with samples that are diverse in terms of their cultural, racial, and sexual identity composition (O'Neil 2015).

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Factor structure of the Gender Role Conflict Scale-Short Form in Chinese heterosexual and gay samples.

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Validation of the Internal Structure of a German-Language Version of the Gender Role Conflict Scale – Short Form

Validation of the Internal Structure of a German-Language Version of the Gender Role Conflict Scale – Short Form

Measuring Gender Role Conflict, Internalized Stigma, and Racial and Sexual Identity in Behaviorally Bisexual Black Men

The Development and Validation of the Gender Role Conflict Scale for Irish Adolescent Boys

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