FACT—The first Cherenkov telescope using a G-APD camera for TeV gamma-ray astronomy

Anderhub, H.; Backes, Michael; Biland, A.; Boller, A.; Braun, I.; Bretz, T.; Commichau, S.; Commichau, V.; Domke, Matthias; Dorner, D.; Gendotti, A.; Grimm, O.; Gunten, H. von; Hildebrand, D.; Horisberger, U.; Köhne, J. H.; Krähenbühl, T.; Kranich, D.; Krumm, B.; Lorenz, E.; Lustermann, W.; Mannheim, K.; Neise, Dominik; Pauß, F.; Renker, D.; Rhode, W.; Rissi, M.; Ribordy, M.; Röser, U.; Stark, L. S.; Stucki, J.-P.; Tibolla, O.; Viertel, G.; Vogler, P.; Warda, K.; Weitzel, Q.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.10.081

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…OVRO [22], UMRAO [23], and Metsähovi [24,25], and the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) in the very-high energy gamma rays. VERITAS and MAGIC pursue long-term blazar monitoring [26,27] and FACT [28,29] was built for the purpose of blazar monitoring [30][31][32], even with the idea in mind to set up a world-wide network for continuous monitoring [33]. In the Southern hemisphere, the H.E.S.S.…”

Section: Scientific Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave Monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Africa Millimetre Telescope

2019

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Active Galactic Nuclei are the dominant sources of gamma rays outside our Galaxy and also candidates for being the source of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In addition to being emitters of broad-band non-thermal radiation throughout the electromagnetic spectrum, their emission is highly variable on timescales from years to minutes. Hence, high-cadence monitoring observations are needed to understand their emission mechanisms. The Africa Millimetre Telescope is planned to be the first mm-wave radio telescope on the African continent and one of few in the Southern hemisphere. Further to contributing to the global mm-VLBI observations with the Event Horizon Telescope, substantial amounts of observation time will be available for monitoring observations of Active Galactic Nuclei. Here we review the scientific scope of the Africa Millimetre Telescope for monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei at mm-wavelengths. PACS: 95.85.Bh; 98.54.Cm; 98.54.Gr; 98.62.Nx IntroductionActive Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and more particularly the subclass of blazars have been a major topic of research throughout the electromagnetic spectrum for the past fifty years. Despite significant progress in understanding the blazar phenomenon [1], many open questions remain. Several apparent differences could be attributed to their non-spherical structure and the orientation of the highly relativistic jets relative to the line of sight [2]. Still, the underlying particle acceleration and emission processes remain a matter of current research. Connected to the more than one hundred years of quest for the sources of the highest-energetic cosmic rays, hadronic emission scenarios are tested, e.g. [3,4], and recent coincident gamma-ray and neutrino detections point in that direction [5]. Even though, hadronic emission scenarios are not uncontested, as also the leptonic Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) model [6] is highly successful in explaining the broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) for blazars, see e.g. [7]. AGN are variable on all time scales: from optical quasi-periods of several years [8] down to gamma-ray flares lasting only minutes [9] and even limiting the size of the emission region to be smaller than 20% of the gravitational radius of the central black hole [10]. This motivates intensive efforts for monitoring the variability of AGN across the electromagnetic spectrum.Following recent positive developments of astronomy in Africa in general [11] and Namibia in particular [12], the Africa Millimetre Telescope (AMT) project aims to build a mm-wave radio telescope in Namibia [13]. It will be the first telescope of its kind on the African continent and one of only few in the Southern hemisphere. The proposed site for the AMT is Mt. Gamsberg (23.34 • S, 16.23 • E) in the Khomas Highlands of Namibia, at a height of 2,347 m a.s.l. At very similar latitude to ALMA, this

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Section: Scientific Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave Monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Africa Millimetre Telescope

2019

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“…Mirror reflectivity for (a) BaBar DIRC at the end of each bar (external reflectivity mirror) [21], (b) FDIRC focusing block internal reflectivity mirrors [28], (c) COMPASS mirrros operating in far-UV regime [29], and (d) FACT aluminum mirrors working in air [30].…”

Section: Fig 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical properties of RICH detectors

Va’vra

2014

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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-In this review article 1 we discuss the optical components in RICH detectors. In particular we mention transmission and refraction index in gases, liquids, solids, optical glues, matching gels and Aerogel. We mention a few examples of mirror reflectivity in UV and visible region. We also discuss radiation damage, radio-luminescence, yellowing from light exposure, optical distortions in materials, and scintillation.

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“…A first prototype made of 144, 3 × 3 mm 2 Hama-matsu MPPCs with 50 µm 2 microcell size was initially developed and tested. The Domino Ring Sampling (DRS2) chip was employed for readout [14]. A feedback system for temperature variation compensation was developed based on LED signals which modifies the bias voltage according to temperature changes.…”

Section: Cherenkov Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of SiPM applications

Llosá¹

2013

Proceedings of International Workshop on New Photon-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet 2012)

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Multicell Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, or silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), have proven to be a sound alternative to other types of photodetectors in different fields and have advantages that can significantly overcome performances previously achieved, and enable new possibilities. SiPM development continues with the improvement of general properties, and the enhancement of determined characteristics to fulfil specific requirements for different applications. As the number of SiPM manufacturers rises, their properties improve and more possibilities for readout appear in the market, an increasing number of physics experiments tend to replace other type of photodetectors by SiPMs, or to employ them in innovative applications. SiPMs have been successfully applied or are being tested in numerous applications in high energy physics (in calorimeters for CALICE, in T2K or in Cherenkov detectors), in astroparticle physics (such as MAGIC or EUSO), and in medical imaging (for example in the combination of PET and MR imaging modalities or for time of flight PET).

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FACT—The first Cherenkov telescope using a G-APD camera for TeV gamma-ray astronomy

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

Millimeter-Wave Monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Africa Millimetre Telescope

Millimeter-Wave Monitoring of Active Galactic Nuclei with the Africa Millimetre Telescope

Optical properties of RICH detectors

Overview of SiPM applications

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