Facilitation of intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats by a motivationally neutral sensory stimulus

Sorge, Robert E.; Pierre, Vicki J.; Clarke, Paul B. S.

doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1647-8

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…First, although nicotine acts as a primary reinforcer, it is a relatively weak one, in the sense that nicotine supports only low levels of self-administration behavior in the absence of associated cues (Caggiula et al 2002; Chaudhri et al 2007; Donny et al 2003; Le Foll and Goldberg 2006; Rupprecht et al 2015; Sorge et al 2009). Several self-administration studies have shown that when a cue is paired with nicotine delivery rats will readily self-administer nicotine, but removal of the nicotine-paired cue dramatically decreases self-administration behavior (Caggiula et al 2001; 2002; Sorge et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several self-administration studies have shown that when a cue is paired with nicotine delivery rats will readily self-administer nicotine, but removal of the nicotine-paired cue dramatically decreases self-administration behavior (Caggiula et al 2001; 2002; Sorge et al 2009). This suggests that cues associated with nicotine delivery are at least as important as nicotine itself in maintaining self-administration behavior (e.g., Balfour et al 2000; Rupprecht et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Yager

Robinson

2015

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale Individuals vary in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Discrete food and drug (cocaine and opioid) cues become more attractive, eliciting approach towards them, and more “wanted”, in that they serve as more effective conditioned reinforcers, in some rats (‘sign-trackers’, STs), than in others (‘goal-trackers’, GTs). Objectives We asked whether there is similar variation in the extent to which a cue associated with a drug from another class, nicotine, acquires incentive motivational properties. Methods First, a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure was used to identify rats that attribute incentive salience to a food cue (i.e., STs and GTs). We then measured the extent to which a cue (a light) paired with intravenous nicotine injections acquired two properties of an incentive stimulus: (1) the ability to elicit approach towards it, and (2) the ability to act as a conditioned reinforcer. Results In contrast to previous findings with food, cocaine and opioid cues, we found that the nicotine cue was equally attractive in STs and GTs, eliciting dose-dependent approach behavior in both. However, the nicotine cue was a more effective conditioned reinforcer in STs than in GTs. Conclusions We suggest the dissociation between these two measures of incentive salience attribution may be related to the fact that when present (as in the test of Pavlovian approach), nicotine can act as a potent “incentive amplifier”, and by this action nicotine may render cues especially salient for all animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Yager

Robinson

2015

Psychopharmacology

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“…If there were no external cues that were associated with nicotine delivery, then only the primary reinforcing action of nicotine would be present to support self-administration behavior. The few studies that have examined nicotine without additional associative cues provide support for nicotine acting as a primary reinforcer (Chaudhri et al, 2007; Donny et al, 2003; Palmatier et al, 2006; Sorge et al, 2009b). For example, Sorge and colleagues (2009b) allowed rats to acquire nicotine self-administration (15 μg/kg/infusion; infusions delivered over 30 sec).…”

Section: 0 Primary Reinforcing Actions Of Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying Nicotine Reinforcement

Rupprecht

Smith

Schassburger

et al. 2015

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

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Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide and nicotine, the primary psychoactive constituent in tobacco, drives sustained use. The behavioral actions of nicotine are complex and extend well beyond the actions of the drug as a primary reinforcer. Stimuli that are consistently paired with nicotine can, through associative learning, take on reinforcing properties as conditioned stimuli. These conditioned stimuli can then impact the rate and probability of behavior and even function as conditioning reinforcers that maintain behavior in the absence of nicotine. Nicotine can also act as a conditioned stimulus, predicting the delivery of other reinforcers, which may allow nicotine to acquire value as a conditioned reinforcer. These associative effects, establishing non-nicotine stimuli as conditioned stimuli with discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcing properties as well as establishing nicotine as a conditioned stimulus, are predicted by basic conditioning principles. However, nicotine can also act non-associatively. Nicotine directly enhances the reinforcing efficacy of other reinforcing stimuli in the environment, an effect that does not require a temporal or predictive relationship between nicotine and either the stimulus or the behavior. Hence, the reinforcing actions of nicotine stem both from the primary reinforcing actions of the drug (and the subsequent associative learning effects) as well as the reinforcement enhancement action of nicotine which is non-associative in nature. Gaining a better understanding of how nicotine impacts behavior will allow for maximally effective tobacco control efforts aimed at reducing the harm associated with tobacco use by reducing and/or treating its addictiveness.

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“…In animal models, the range of conditions that support nicotine self-administration (SA) is much more limited than that for other addictive substances (Matta et al, 2007), nicotine administered apart from tobacco has been shown to have distinct behavioural effects from tobacco smoke (Harris et al, 2010), and the combination of nicotine and certain non-nicotine tobacco ingredients is more readily self-administered than nicotine alone (Clemens et al, 2009). Moreover, there is some evidence that nicotine SA may depend on the presence of pharmacological or nonpharmacological conditioned stimuli (Sorge et al, 2009), and that nicotine may exert many of its effects by increasing the positive reinforcing value of such stimuli (Chaudhri et al, 2007) rather than by having strong primary positive reinforcing properties per se. In human studies, the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine in the absence of tobacco have not been demonstrated conclusively (Dar and Frenk, 2004;Fulton and Barrett, 2008), smokers have been found to display a preference for smoked denicotinized tobacco (DT) over intravenous nicotine (Rose et al, 2010), and DT has consistently been found to produce a number of subjective effects that are comparable with those produced by nicotine-containing tobacco (Barrett 2010;Perkins et al, 2010) as well as to acutely suppress many tobacco abstinence symptoms (Donny and Jones, 2009;Barrett 2010;Perkins et al, 2010;Rose et al, 2010), especially in women (Barrett, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The acute effects of nicotine on the subjective and behavioural responses to denicotinized tobacco in dependent smokers

Barrett

Darredeau²

2012

Behavioural Pharmacology

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Both nicotine and various non-nicotine smoking factors are believed to contribute to tobacco addiction but their relative roles remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to help clarify these roles by examining acute interactions between nicotine and denicotinized tobacco (DT). During two randomized blinded sessions, the effects of a quick-release 4 mg nicotine lozenge (NL) versus placebo lozenge (PL) on the subjective and behavioural responses to DT were examined in 27 (14 men) dependent, daily smokers. Participants were administered NL or PL for 30 min before receiving one initial DT cigarette. Participants could then earn additional DT cigarette puffs over the following 60 min. Subjective state was assessed using the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief and visual analogue scales at baseline, postlozenge and postinitial DT cigarette. Relative to PL, NL was associated with increased alertness as well as with reduced levels of DT self-administration (P<0.01). The administration of a single DT cigarette was followed by a reduction in craving under both lozenge conditions (P<0.001), an effect that was significantly greater in women (P<0.01). Moreover, DT administration was associated with increased ratings of 'pleasant', 'satisfied', 'stimulated' and 'relaxed', as well as with decreased ratings of 'anxious' (P's<0.01), independent of lozenge condition. The findings suggest that both nicotine and non-nicotine smoking factors may make important contributions towards the addictive properties of tobacco.

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Facilitation of intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats by a motivationally neutral sensory stimulus

Cited by 36 publications

References 30 publications

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying Nicotine Reinforcement

The acute effects of nicotine on the subjective and behavioural responses to denicotinized tobacco in dependent smokers

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