“…Persistence effects due to punishment have traditionally been interpreted via an extension (Wagner, 1966) of Amsel's (1962Amsel's ( , 1967 analysis of frustrative nonreward. However, several recent attempts have been made to extend Capaldi's (1967) sequential theory to account for the effects of punishment upon instrumental performance (Campbell, Crumbaugh, Marshall, & Sparling, 1972;Campbell, Crumbaugh, Massey, & Reed, 1972;Campbell, Wroten, & Cleveland, in press;Capaldi & Levy, 1972).…”