This study reports
the selection of an ideal catalyst–oxidant
system for the energy-efficient catalytic oxidative desulfurization
(CODS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and denitrogenation (CODN) of pyridine
over Mn–Co–Mo/Al2O3 and acid-functionalized
1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl/ZnCl2)
ionic liquid (IL) catalysts using H2O2 and NaClO
as oxidants. The NaClO–catalyst system realized 100% CODS/CODN
activity within 15 min at 25 °C at comparatively low activation
energies of 4.9 and 5.4 kJ/mol for DBT and pyridine, respectively,
under optimal conditions of oxidant-to-sulfur ratio of 4, oxidant-to-nitrogen
ratio of 8, ionic liquid-to-oil ratio of 1.5/5, and 0.1 g of Mn–Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst for 15 mL of model fuel. Both catalytic
activity and kinetics results revealed a NaClO–catalyst system
with greater efficiency and lesser energy requirements than a H2O2–catalyst system, and hence the former
realized enhanced CODS and CODN than the latter. Furthermore, the
Mn–Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst favored
CODS, while [Bmim]Cl/ZnCl2 possessed greater affinity for
the CODN process, owing to the stronger nucleophilic interaction of
the cationic species in IL toward hindered nitrogen compounds. Further
justification for the CODS and CODN activities and textural characterization
of the fresh and spent catalysts were provided by PXRD, XPS, SEM,
EDX elemental mapping, and BET surface area characterizations. Based
on the results, this study is potentially viable owing to its environmental
greenness, enhancement in the calorific value of the final fuel, and
genially benignant application in energy consumption via mild operating
conditions and hence can be envisaged as a practicable alternative
approach in industrial processing of fuel oils.