Graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms, has shown to be the most fascinating and promising option among nanomaterials for a variety of applications, because of its unique structure and tunable physiochemical properties. It can be either in the pure form or in its modified derivatives that include graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene-metal nanoparticle composites, graphene-polymer hybrids, and graphene/organic structures that showed improved results while maintaining inherent properties of the material. These modified nanostructures have a variety of applications as catalysts, energy storage/conversion, antimicrobial, and water decontaminant. In the field of environmental science, graphene has been widely used for molecular sieving involving gas phase separation and organic waste removal from water, due to its biocompatibility, various functional groups, and accessible surface area. Modified graphene can also serve as a semiconductor that can increase the efficiency of the photocatalytic ecosystems that results in the inactivation of the microorganisms causing the organic chemicals to degrade.