Nanofibrillated cellulose paper (nanopaper) has gained
growing
interest as one promising substrate material for paper-based microfluidics,
thanks to its ultrasmooth surface, high optical transparency, uniform
nanofiber matrix with nanoscale porosity, and tunable chemical properties.
Recently, research on nanopaper-based microfluidics has quickly advanced;
however, the current technique of patterning microchannels on nanopaper
(i.e., 3D printing, spray coating, or manual cutting and sticking),
that is fundamental for application development, still has some limitations,
such as ease-of-contamination, and more importantly, only enabling
millimeter-scale channels. This paper reports a facile process that
leverages the simple operations of microembossing with the convenient
plastic micro-molds, for the first time, patterning nanopaper microchannels
downing to 200 μm, which is 4 times better than the existing
methods and is time-saving (<45 mins). We also optimized the patterning
parameters and provided one quick look-up table as the guideline for
application developments. As proof-of-concept, we first demonstrated
two fundamental microfluidic devices on nanopaper, the laminar-mixer
and droplet generator, and two functional nanopaper-based analytical
devices (NanoPADs) for glucose and Rhodamine B (RhB) sensing based
on optical colorimetry and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, respectively.
The two NanoPADs showed outstanding performance with low limits of
detection (2 mM for glucose and 19fM for RhB), which are 1.25×
and 500× fold improvement compared to the previously reported
values. This can be attributed to our newly developed highly accurate
microchannel patterning process that enables high integration and
fine-tunability of the NanoPADs along with the superior optical properties
of nanopaper.