“…However, the photocatalytic activity of pristine WO 3 is not high enough for practical use. Therefore, different strategies have been developed to increase the photocatalytic activity of WO 3 , including the preparation of WO 3 with different nanostructures [ 23 ], supporting noble metal Pt/Au/Ag [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], composites with other materials [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], and oxygen vacancy defects [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The introduction of oxygen vacancies is a simple and efficient strategy to improve the photocatalytic performance of WO 3 and it can greatly increase its conductivity and the absorption of visible light by local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the near-infrared region, yielding an intensity that is comparable to bandgap absorption [ 35 , 36 ].…”