“…Up to now, among the various semiconductors, most studies have focused on TiO 2 for its intriguing optical and electrical properties, resistance to photocorrosion, peculiarities of chemical inertness, nontoxicity, longterm stability and low cost [17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, the quick recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs is a drawback that limits its practical application [5,18,19,23].…”