The fabrication of functional hollow particles is of great scientific and technological interest for purposes of applications ranging from drug delivery, coatings, photonic devices, and nanoscale reaction vessels.1-3 Various methods, including approaches such as spray drying, emulsion templating techniques, and self-assembly processes, have been described for the preparation of hollow spheres out of latex, metal, and inorganic materials.
4-11Among the various structures of these particles, the coreshell structure is a powerful platform for controlled release, confined nanocatalysis and optical and electronic applications.12 A hybrid of the core-shell structure, termed the yolk-shell or rattle-type structure, is a special class of coreshell structures with a distinctive core@void@shell configuration which has attracted great interest in recent years.
13-15With the unique properties of movable cores, interstitial hollow spaces, and the functionalization of the shells, yolkshell structures have great potential for application in various fields, including nanoreactors, biomedicine, lithium-ion batteries, and photocatalysis. [16][17][18][19][20] Although various yolkshell structures with different types of cores and different particle sizes have been successfully prepared, the control of shell thickness of yolk-shell type particles has been less well studies.21-23 Therefore, the investigation of the control of thickness and crystalline structure of yolk-shell type particles is valuable. Here we report the control of shell thickness in yolk-shell particles. The crystalline structure of the yolkshell particle has also been characterized by annealing at different temperatures.The route for the preparation of yolk-shell (TiO 2 @SiO 2 ) titanium-silica particles is given in Scheme 1. After being dried in an oven at 50 °C for 2 h, titanium particles can be coated with silica under Stöber conditions. Silica coating of the dried titanium results in TiO 2 @SiO 2 particles. Upon calcination at 600-625 °C for 15-60 min, the greater porosity of the titanium cores of TiO 2 @SiO 2 particles causes them to shrink more than the silica component and gives rise to TiO 2 @SiO 2 particles.A TEM micrograph of the bare titanium particles is given in Figure 1(a) and the TiO 2 @SiO 2 particles, which display the shrinkage that occurred after calcination, are shown in Figure 1(b). We found the size of the particles to be 650-680 nm (5% polydispersity) and the shell thickness to be 100-120 nm, with an inner core of 340-360 nm. The void between the shrunken core and the silica shell was 70-130 nm depending on the particle size and the calcination time.To corroborate that the synthesized particles have SiO 2 layers, an elemental analysis was conducted to identify the presence of Si and SiO 2 in the particles.24 The EDX analysis showed that the TiO2@SiO2 core/shell particles consisted of Ti:Si in the ratio of 41:11% ( Figure S1). Furthermore, FTIR studies were also conducted to determine the presence of specific functional groups and intra and/o...