“…Biofouling restricts the efficacy and performance of air filtration membranes via self-replicating bacterial growth on filter layers, resulting in biofilm formation, which eventually mechanically blocks the filtration surfaces. Therefore, several applications have been reported to mitigate biofouling and provide antipathogenic properties via the incorporation and immobilization of naturally occurring metals and their oxides, such as silver, copper, and zinc oxides, on polymeric air filter membranes [ 7 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”