“…Until recently, carbon and carbon based materials, [9][10][11][12][13] metal oxides, [14][15][16][17] nitrides, 18,19 carbides, [20][21][22][23] and their composites [24][25][26][27] have been employed as anode materials for LIBs. With respect to cathode materials, Almost all the research and commercialization has centered on the layered compounds with an anion close-packed or almost close-packed lattice like LiCoO 2 , 28,29 LiMnO 2 , 30,31 and transition-metal phosphates, such as olivine LiFePO 4 . 32,33 In SCs, carbonaceous materials, conducting polymers, metal oxides and composites of these aforementioned materials are the common electrode materials that have been employed extensively.…”