“…15). 305 Several electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO 2 have been developed, 306 including metal nanoparticles and oxides, chalcogenides and carbon based materials, and their activity was optimized via modification of their defect density on their surface, 302,307-309 particle size, 310 morphology, 311,312 and electrode thickness. 313 Another important issue contributing to the sluggish kinetics of CO 2 reduction is the insufficient concentration of CO 2 on the surface of the catalyst layer.…”