Facile conversion of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone using a high surface area magnetically separable Ni/NiO catalyst

Abstract

A study on the conversion of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) and methyl levulinate (ML) has been done using a high surface area Ni/NiO catalyst.

Iridium Tetra(4‐carboxyphenyl) Porphyrin, Calix[4]pyrrole and Tetraphenyl Porphyrin Complexes as Potential Hydrogenation Catalysts

“…These results confirm the formation of IrTCPP complex. The IrTCPP complexes display the absence of a peak in the highly shielded region at –2.74 ppm, which is characteristic of N–H protons of TCPP confirmed that iridium ion is bonded to the nitrogen center of TCPP. Similarly, after the iridium ion incorporation into the calix[4]‐pyrrole cavities (See ESI* Figure S2), the absence of a broad N–H proton peak at 7.1 ppm confirms the coordination of iridium ions through the pyrrole nitrogen of the CP ligand.…”

“…After the stipulated period, the reaction mixture was cooled to 25 ° C, filtered, and washed thoroughly with methanol. The resulting purple crystals were air‐dried and washed with dichloromethane (yield 12 %) , . The Iiridium‐incorporated meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (IrTPP) complex was prepared by dissolving metal salt (IrCl 3 · XH 2 O; 1 mmol) in 5 mL of dry acetone, followed by introducing the solution containing 1 mmol of TPP in 45 mL of dry acetone.…”

“…In other words, in recent years, great attention has been focused on the conversion of biomass into valuable chemicals, in which group VIII metal complexes play a vital role , , . In particular, hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ‐valerolactone and 1,4‐pentanediol has a significant role as a green solvent, as well as an important intermediate in several fine chemical syntheses , . Herein, we report the preparation of novel iridium‐based macromolecules [iridium‐tetra(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (IrTCPP), iridium‐calix[4]pyrrole (IrCP), iridium terta‐phenyl porphyrin (IrTPP) and subsequently, heterogenized on a functionalized molecular sieves support.…”

The Development of Mesoporous Ni‐Based Catalysts and Evaluation of Their Catalytic and Photocatalytic Applications

“…Extensive efforts have been made to convert cellulose into ethanol and other biofuels. A recent report compasses the potential use of Ni‐based catalysts as biomass‐derived biofuel blended with gasoline in the synthesis of γ‐Valerolactone (GVL) from levulinic acid . In the study conducted, an excellent conversion of levulinic acid into γ‐valerolactone is reported under mild conditions.…”

“…The catalyst also has inherent lewis and Bronsted acidity, which promotes hydrogenation. The resulting mesoporous Ni/NiO catalyst is magnetically separable and reusable with 5% loss in the activity and 2% loss in GVL selectivity . All the hydrogenation reactions reported in this study were done by taking Ni/NiO as a catalyst.…”