Facile and Scalable One-Step Method for Amination of Graphene Using Leuckart Reaction

Aguilar-Bolados, Héctor; Vargas-Astudillo, Daniela; Yazdani‐Pedram, Mehrdad; Acosta-Villavicencio, Gabriela; Fuentealba, Pablo; Contreras-Cid, Ahirton; Verdejo, Raquel; López–Manchado, Miguel A.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01438

Cited by 50 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…The presence of enough water is essential for gel formation as in water NH 4 HCO 2 would dissolve and generate NH 4 OH and HCOOH. It was reported that heating ammonium formate with dry GO for several hours results in multi‐layered graphite‐like solid aminated graphene oxide while we obtained processable hydrogels after a minute of bath sonication for reactions employing concentrated GO dispersions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The Leuckart reaction is a reductive amination process in which aldehydes and ketones are transformed to amines in a multistep reaction that results in reduction of GO and simultaneous incorporation of nitrogen (Scheme ). When ammonium hydroxide is added to GO dispersion, NH 3 ⋅ H 2 O, in equilibrium with NH 4 OH, would transform edge carbonyl groups via a geminal hydroxyamine intermediate to imines in a reversible reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient Gelation of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersion Induced by Sonication‐Promoted Leuckart Reaction

et al. 2018

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Graphene oxide (GO) undergoes a rapid gelation process in the presence of ammonium hydroxide and formic acid at room temperature which is promoted by ultrasonication. Infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy proved partial reduction of GO and nitrogen incorporation, resulting from sonication‐promoted Leuckart reactions at GO carbonyl groups. The amine groups produced via Leuckart reactions undergo further reactions that result in salt bridges with carboxylic groups and covalent cross‐links, both of which contribute to the stabilization of the resulting hydrogel. The resultant GO hydrogel exhibits enhanced thermal stability.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Gelation of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersion Induced by Sonication‐Promoted Leuckart Reaction

et al. 2018

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“…Deconvolution of N 1s using four components with FWHM of 1.5 eV showed peaks positioned at 398.9 eV (N1), 400.0 eV (N2), 400.9 eV (N3), and 402.4 eV (N4). The largest peak (34%), N2, is attributed to either pyrazoline‐like groups originating from hydrazine, or amino/amide groups originating from ammonia . The N1 and N4 peaks were identified as pyridinic‐N (33%) and pyridinic N‐oxide (8%), respectively .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The largest peak (34%), N2, is attributed to either pyrazoline-like groups originating from hydrazine, [58] or amino/amide groups originating from ammonia. [59,60] The N1 and N4 peaks were identified as pyridinic-N (33%) and pyridinic N-oxide (8%), respectively. [61] Finally, the position of peak N3 at 400.9 eV lay between the commonly reported values for pyrrolic-N (400.4 AE 0.3) and quaternary-N (401.3 AE 0.2).…”

Section: Negative Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible and Mechanically Durable Asymmetric Supercapacitor Based on NiCo‐Layered Double Hydroxide and Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Using a Simple Fabrication Method

et al. 2019

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A high‐performing, lightweight, and flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) using NiCo‐layered double hydroxide (NiCo LDH) supported on 3D nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) as a positive electrode and NG as a negative electrode is demonstrated. Highly conductive NG provides fast electron transfer and facilitates (dis)charging of NiCo LDH deposited on it. The composite electrode of NiCo LDH@NG exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1421 F g−1 at 2 A g−1. Moreover, the as‐obtained hybrid electrode shows an excellent rate capability with a specific capacitance of 1397 F g−1 at a high current density of 10 A g−1, which is about 98% of the capacitance obtained at 2 A g−1. The flexible ASC device shows a specific capacitance of 109 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a maximum energy density of 49 W h kg−1, which is comparable with or superior to previously reported electrodes based on nickel‐cobalt hydroxides. Furthermore, an excellent mechanical stability is obtained. Under repeated mechanical bendings, the ASC demonstrates high bending stability up to 450 bending cycles at a 90° angle. Hence, this flexible NiCo LDH@NG electrode that is free of binders and conductive agents shows superior performance and stability, and is a promising candidate for the future wearable energy storage devices.

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“…Graphene can be functionalized with amine groups using the Leuckart reaction, which not only reduces the graphene oxide but leads to a 3.2% amination degree [195]. Other common methods utilized to aminate graphene include nitrogen plasma treatments, chemical vapor deposition, and the reduction of graphene oxide in nitrogen gas or ammonia [196,197].…”

Section: Graphite Graphitic Carbons and Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview

Speranza

2019

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The carbon-based materials (CbMs) refer to a class of substances in which the carbon atoms can assume different hybridization states (sp 1 , sp 2 , sp 3 ) leading to different allotropic structures -. In these substances, the carbon atoms can form robust covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or with a vast class of metallic and non-metallic elements, giving rise to an enormous number of compounds from small molecules to long chains to solids. This is one of the reasons why the carbon chemistry is at the basis of the organic chemistry and the biochemistry from which life on earth was born. In this context, the surface chemistry assumes a substantial role dictating the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based materials. Different functionalities are obtained by bonding carbon atoms with heteroatoms (mainly oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) determining a certain reactivity of the compound which otherwise is rather weak. This holds for classic materials such as the diamond, the graphite, the carbon black and the porous carbon but functionalization is widely applied also to the carbon nanostructures which came at play mainly in the last two decades. As a matter of fact, nowadays, in addition to fabrication of nano and porous structures, the functionalization of CbMs is at the basis of a number of applications as catalysis, energy conversion, sensing, biomedicine, adsorption etc. This work is dedicated to the modification of the surface chemistry reviewing the different approaches also considering the different macro and nano allotropic forms of carbon.C 2019, 5, 84 3 of 45 narrow graphite-like interconnected layers. This leads to a closed pore rigid structure that is chemically inert, hard but brittle [48][49][50].Due to the highly resistant, conductive, and inert network, glassy carbons are utilized in a series of rather different applications. They are utilized as electrodes in solid state batteries and in industrial harsh chemical processes where also high temperatures are involved such as crystallization of CaF2, CdS and ZnS. Glassy carbon can be utilized to manufacture high temperature furnace elements. Due to the chemical inertness, glassy carbons are utilized also in fabrication of protheses. Porous carbon and carbon black are much softer. Generally, in industrial applications important is the extension of the surface which is exposed to the external environment. The porous carbon is characterized by a high specific surface area enhancing the interaction with the external medium. Although it possesses a lower conductivity with respect to glassy carbon, the high porosity and the presence of active sites makes it a good material to fabricate electrodes for applications in electrochemistry [51][52][53] and bioelectrodes for sensing and stimulation [54,55].The same holds for the carbon black mainly utilized as additive in rubbers and polymers to improve their mechanical properties, or as a pigment [56] although new potentialities have been recently envisaged [57].Common to all the forms of carbon which are bri...

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Facile and Scalable One-Step Method for Amination of Graphene Using Leuckart Reaction

Cited by 50 publications

References 71 publications

Efficient Gelation of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersion Induced by Sonication‐Promoted Leuckart Reaction

Efficient Gelation of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersion Induced by Sonication‐Promoted Leuckart Reaction

Flexible and Mechanically Durable Asymmetric Supercapacitor Based on NiCo‐Layered Double Hydroxide and Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Using a Simple Fabrication Method

The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview

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