Facile and Effective Purification of Polymers Produced by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization via Simple Catalyst Precipitation and Microfiltration

Faucher, Santiago; Okrutny, Paul; Zhu, Shiping

doi:10.1021/ma051920a

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Transition metal catalysts are usually highly soluble in polar solvents such as methanol or water which is not the case for polymers, making catalyst isolation from resultants feasible. Usually, a repeated dissolving‐precipitation process may be required to reduce the catalyst concentration to a low level . Ion exchange resins with acidic groups can also successfully allow recovery and recycle of the transition metals .…”

Section: Catalyst Separation and Recycling Methods In Atrpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Transition Metal Catalyst Separation and Recycling in ATRP

Ding

Jiang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a versatile and robust tool to synthesize a wide spectrum of monomers with various designable structures. However, it usually needs large amounts of transition metal as the catalyst to mediate the equilibrium between the dormant and propagating species. Unfortunately, the catalyst residue may contaminate or color the resultant polymers, which limits its application, especially in biomedical and electronic materials. How to efficiently and economically remove or reduce the catalyst residue from its products is a challenging and encouraging task. Herein, recent advances in catalyst separation and recycling are highlighted with a focus on (1) highly active ppm level transition metal or metal free catalyzed ATRP; (2) post-purification method; (3) various soluble, insoluble, immobilized/soluble, and reversible supported catalyst systems; and (4) liquid-liquid biphasic catalyzed systems, especially thermo-regulated catalysis systems.

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Section: Catalyst Separation and Recycling Methods In Atrpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Transition Metal Catalyst Separation and Recycling in ATRP

Ding

Jiang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…156 Other approaches are also described, such as the electrochemical reduction of the copper catalyst to copper that can be removed from the reaction system in the form of amalgam. 157 2.1.1.2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Green” Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: From Process Design to Preparation of Well-Defined Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials

2007

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“…However, concerns are raised regarding sustainability of precious metals 14 and trace metal contamination that can impede use of the resulting materials, for example in electronic applications. Although extensive efforts to develop purification techniques and catalyst strategies have succeeded in reducing transition metal contamination, 15 a more direct route to eliminate this issue is the development of organocatalyzed-ATRP (O-ATRP) (Figure 1). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Ion Pairing inN,N-Diaryl Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts for Efficient Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

et al. 2016

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Photoexcited intramolecular charge transfer (CT) states in N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine photoredox catalysts are accessed through catalyst design and investigated through combined experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These CT states are reminiscent of the metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states of ruthenium and iridium polypyridyl complexes. For cases where the polar CT state is the lowest energy excited state, we observe its population through significant solvatochromic shifts in emission wavelength across the visible spectrum by varying solvent polarity. We propose the importance of accessing CT states for photoredox catalysis of atom transfer radical polymerization lies in their ability to minimize fluorescence while enhancing electron transfer rates between the photoexcited photoredox catalyst and the substrate. Additionally, solvent polarity influences the deactivation pathway, greatly affecting the strength of ion pairing between the oxidized photocatalyst and the bromide anion and thus the ability to realize a controlled radical polymerization. Greater understanding of these photoredox catalysts with respect to CT and ion pairing enables their application toward the polymerization of methyl methacrylate for the synthesis of polymers with precisely tunable molecular weights and dispersities typically lower than 1.10.

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Facile and Effective Purification of Polymers Produced by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization via Simple Catalyst Precipitation and Microfiltration

Cited by 43 publications

References 21 publications

Recent Progress on Transition Metal Catalyst Separation and Recycling in ATRP

Recent Progress on Transition Metal Catalyst Separation and Recycling in ATRP

“Green” Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: From Process Design to Preparation of Well-Defined Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials

Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Ion Pairing inN,N-Diaryl Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts for Efficient Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

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