Facial three-dimensional morphometry

Ferrario, Virgilio F.; Sforza, Chiarella; Poggio, Carlo E.; Serrao, Graziano

doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(96)70167-1

Cited by 91 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Non-significant variation were seen in morphological height of the face for males, inter-ocular diameter, medial vertical upper lip length, medial vertical height of upper lip and naso-labial angle. These indicate that the overall facial dimensions are more in local population than Caucasian population [4] Proportional indices for the, local population were compared with that of the American Caucasians. It was seen that overall proportions were greater for the local Population.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards of Facial Esthetics: An Anthropometric Study

Chandra

Ravi

Sharma

et al. 2012

J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.

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Aim Anthropometry is an art and science used extensively for measuring the soft tissue proportions. While it is true that error is found in measurements of this kind, a great many trends of growth and development and therapy changes can be recorded with a significant degree of accuracy. Objective Facial proportion varies among the different ethnic groups and today, most of the available studies are done on western population. Hence an Anthropometric study was conducted in the local population. Materials and Methods The study was carried out with the aim of measuring the facial soft tissue proportion in the local population using anthropometry. Study was done using 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) with Class I skeletal relationship and pleasing profile. Using standard anthropometric landmarks the various anthropometric measurements and facial proportional indices were determined (both horizontal and vertical) and were compared with that for North American Caucasians. Results The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the facial proportion between the two populations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards of Facial Esthetics: An Anthropometric Study

Chandra

Ravi

Sharma

et al. 2012

J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.

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“…The reproducibility of landmark identification, marker positioning and the reproducibility of the data collection procedure (ELITE system and mathematical reconstruction of point coordinates) were previously reported, and found to be reliable (Ferrario et al 1996(Ferrario et al b, 1999. In the present study, only the following soft-tissue landmarks were considered (Fig.…”

Section: Collection Of 3-dimensional Facial Landmarksmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Data from a total of 2023 examinations (928 observations on males, 1095 on females on a total of 1347 white northern Italians) performed on 4 different samples using the Three-Dimensional Facial Morphometry (3DFM) method (Ferrario et al 1996(Ferrario et al b, 1998(Ferrario et al d, 1999 were included in this mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional study. The composition of the samples has already been detailed by .…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, the optoelectronic systems detect the 3-D coordinates of selected soft-tissue facial landmarks by using infrared sensitive cameras. In the 3-Dimensional Facial Morphometry method, recently introduced by Ferrario et al (1996Ferrario et al ( b, 1998Ferrario et al ( d, 1999, the 3-D landmark data thus collected can be used both in a conventional metric approach (angles, distances and ratios similar to conventional anthropometry and cephalometrics) or with other morphometric techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The objectives of this study were (1) to provide reference data for selected dimensions of lips (linear distances and ratios, vermilion area, volume) in a large sample of healthy subjects aged from 6 y into young adulthood using a 3-D noninvasive landmarkbased method (Ferrario et al 1996(Ferrario et al b, 1999, (2) to quantify the relevant growth changes, and (3) to evaluate sex differences in growth patterns.…”

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Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3‐dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model

et al. 2000

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A 3-dimensional computerised system with landmark representation of the soft-tissue facial surface allows noninvasive and fast quantitative study of facial growth. The aims of the present investigation were (1) to provide reference data for selected dimensions of lips (linear distances and ratios, vermilion area, volume) ; (2) to quantify the relevant growth changes ; and (3) to evaluate sex differences in growth patterns. The 3-dimensional coordinates of 6 soft-tissue landmarks on the lips were obtained by an optoelectronic instrument in a mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional study (2023 examinations in 1348 healthy subjects between 6 y of age and young adulthood). From the landmarks, several linear distances (mouth width, total vermilion height, total lip height, upper lip height), the vermilion height-to-mouth width ratio, some areas (vermilion of the upper lip, vermilion of the lower lip, total vermilion) and volumes (upper lip volume, lower lip volume, total lip volume) were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Male values were compared with female values by means of Student's t test. Within each age group all lip dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) were significantly larger in boys than in girls (P 0n05), with some exceptions in the first age groups and coinciding with the earlier female growth spurt, whereas the vermilion height-to-mouth width ratio did not show a corresponding sexual dimorphism. Linear distances in girls had almost reached adult dimensions in the 13-14 y age group, while in boys a large increase was still to occur. The attainment of adult dimensions was faster in the upper than in the lower lip, especially in girls. The method used in the present investigation allowed the noninvasive evaluation of a large sample of nonpatient subjects, leading to the definition of 3-dimensional normative data. Data collected in the present study could represent a data base for the quantitative description of human lip morphology from childhood to young adulthood.Key words : Anthropometry ; face ; optoelectronic systems ; lips. The dimensions of the facial soft-tissue structures (nose, lips, chin), their reciprocal spatial positions, and their relative proportions, are important components in the description of human morphology as well as in the clinical analysis of orthodontic, maxillofacial and plastic surgery patients. Apart from conventional 2-dimensional evaluations performed on radiographic films (Mamandras, 1984(Mamandras, , 1988Genecov et al. 1990 ;Lundstro$ m et al. 1992 ;Zylinski et al. 1992 ;Skinazi et al. 1994 ;Nanda & Ghosh, 1995 ;Prahl-Andersen et al. 1995 ; several 3-dimensional (3-D) analyses of the facial surface through stereophotogrammetry, moire! stripes, range-camera techniques, laser scanning, optoelectronic systems, or even CT have been proposed

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Three-Dimensional Photography and Its Application to Facial Plastic Surgery

Lee

2004

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

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Facial three-dimensional morphometry

Cited by 91 publications

References 25 publications

Standards of Facial Esthetics: An Anthropometric Study

Standards of Facial Esthetics: An Anthropometric Study

Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3‐dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model

Three-Dimensional Photography and Its Application to Facial Plastic Surgery

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