Facial reanimation with gracilis muscle transplantation and obturator nerve coaptation to the motor nerve of masseter muscle as a salvage procedure in an unreliable cross‐face nerve graft

Facial Nerve Trauma: Evaluation and Considerations in Management

“…108 Therefore, it is recommended by some authors that the masseter nerve be relegated to salvage cases, after a prior, failed unilateral reanimation based on a CFNG to a gracilis flap, or a singlestage latissimus flap. 109,110 Double innervations have been performed as well. Biglioli et al implemented gracilis free flaps that were coapted to both the ipsilateral masseter nerve and the contralateral facial nerve simultaneously.…”

Facial reanimation using hypoglossal‐facial neurorrhaphy with end‐to‐side coaptation between the jump interpositional nerve graft and hypoglossal nerve: Outcome and duration of preoperative paralysis

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Many authors have reported on muscle transfer for reanimation of the corners of the mouth. [14][15][16]18 However, this procedure is mainly performed in cases of long-term paralysis. [14][15][16]18 We believe that reanimating the mimetic muscle is one of the most effective procedures for reconstructing a natural smile.…”

“…[14][15][16]18 However, this procedure is mainly performed in cases of long-term paralysis. [14][15][16]18 We believe that reanimating the mimetic muscle is one of the most effective procedures for reconstructing a natural smile. Nerve transplantation or neurorrhaphy should be performed before the mimetic muscles become atrophic.…”

“…Because the symptoms of facial nerve paralysis are wide‐ranging, facial reanimation requires a method that reproduces natural and powerful facial expressions with symmetry rather than a method that produces mass movement . Many authors have reported on muscle transfer for reanimation of the corners of the mouth . However, this procedure is mainly performed in cases of long‐term paralysis .…”

Early Postoperative Complications following Gracilis Free Muscle Transfer for Facial Reanimation: A Systematic Review and Pooled Data Analysis

“…[4][5][6][7][8] Multiple published articles on gracilis free muscle transfer for facial reanimation have detailed patient outcomes, various surgical techniques, rehabilitative measures following surgery, and available alternative options within the procedure such as the choice of donor motor nerve. [9][10][11][12] Despite the expanding literature on facial reanimation with the gracilis muscle, less has been reported on its associated early complications. To our knowledge, only two articles (reported by the same authors at the same institution) have specifically been written to detail and highlight the early complications (infection rates) following gracilis free muscle transfer for facial reanimation.…”