Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

Tomblyn, Jennifer

doi:10.33915/etd.6816

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Glabella Vertical is a line that parallels the head's frontal plane in Natural Head Orientation and passes through the soft tissue glabella point. 6 This study revealed that GALL is located -1mm to 0mm from glabella in 95% of the population. 6 Therefore, it has been proposed that Glabella Vertical can be used in place of FALL, the Forehead's Anterior-Limit Line, which passes through the Forehead's Facial Axis point, FFA.…”

Section: Glabella Verticalmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…5 A study conducted by Tomblyn found that it is comparable or better to use Glabella Vertical, a vertical line tangent to soft tissue glabella, as a frontal plane compared to FALL. 6 Additionally, there are currently no standard guidelines in which orthodontists and surgeons agree on when determining the optimal AP position of the maxilla when performing orthognathic surgeries. For example, Posnick stated that the optimal AP position of the maxilla is a range of what is considered proportionate and esthetic, not an exact millimeter number.…”

Section: Background and Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 The term Glabella Vertical was first defined in unpublished research by Tomblyn. 6 Glabella Vertical is a frontal reference plane that can be used to locate GALL, the goal anterior limit line.…”

Section: Glabella Verticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Therefore, it has been proposed that Glabella Vertical can be used in place of FALL, the Forehead's Anterior-Limit Line, which passes through the Forehead's Facial Axis point, FFA. 6 Using Glabella Vertical as the facial plane to determine the AP position of the maxillary incisors differs from the traditional Six Elements Orthodontic Philosophy because it does not account for forehead inclination.…”

Section: Glabella Verticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying the Esthetically Optimal AP Position of Maxillary Incisors in Caucasian Females

Boyles-Horan¹

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Background and Objectives: The majority of orthodontists routinely evaluate the amount of maxillary incisor display from a frontal perspective, however they do not regularly evaluate a patient's smiling profile with the teeth visible when diagnosing and treatment planning. This study uses the facial plane Glabella Vertical, a vertical line tangent to the subject's soft glabella, to classify the maxilla's AP position. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in perceived attractiveness between smiling and repose facial profiles and to identify if there is an esthetically optimal AP position of the maxillary incisors in Caucasian females. Experimental Design and Methods: A sample of 30 young adult Caucasian females were positioned in adjusted natural head position and a repose profile photograph and a smiling profile photograph were taken with a millimeter ruler aligned with the subject's midsagittal plane. The photographs were uploaded to Microsoft PowerPoint TM and the distance from the subject's Glabella Vertical plane and FA point of the maxillary incisor was measured. Six male and 6 female orthodontic faculty/residents and 10 male and 10 female non-orthodontic professionals rated the facial attractiveness of the subjects using a visual analog scale. The data was analyzed using Tukey's test for multiple comparisons, ANOVA, and chi-square analysis. Results: There was a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in perceived attractiveness of repose and smiling profiles in half of the photographed subjects. The subjects with maxillary incisors that lie on Glabella Vertical were rated by orthodontists statistically significantly (p<0.05) more attractive than subjects with maxillary incisors postioned anterior or posterior to Glabella Vertical. Subjects with incisors that lie on Glabella Vertical or posterior to Glabella Vertical were rated statistically significantly (p<0.05) more attractive by non-orthodontists than subjects with maxillary incisors positioned anterior to Glabella Vertical. Conclusions: In some Caucasian females there is a significant difference in perceived attractiveness of repose and smiling profiles. Orthodontists rate maxillary incisors that lie on Glabella Vertical significantly more attractive than maxillary incisors that lie anterior or posterior to Glabella Vertical. Non-orthodontists rate maxillary incisors that lie on Glabella Vertical or lie posterior to Glabella Vertical more attractive than maxillary incisors that are positioned anterior to Glabella Vertical. Non-orthodontists appear to be more tolerant of retruded maxillary incisors from a lateral smiling perspective in Caucasian females. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to bring attention to all the help and support I have been given during this research project and throughout my residency. I would not have been able to complete this program or thesis without the assistance of numerous people. Thank you for being there when I needed someone to lean on and ask for advice. It has not gone unnoticed. Dr. Chris...

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Section: Glabella Verticalmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Background and Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glabella Verticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glabella Verticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying the Esthetically Optimal AP Position of Maxillary Incisors in Caucasian Females

Boyles-Horan¹

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“…They also determined that GALL can be used as a frontal plane for diagnosis and treatment planning. 22 Inclusion of this criteria in diagnosis and treatment planning should be critical to the orthodontist, because patients are exceedingly cognizant of how they look. 23 Attractive facial esthetics is undoubtedly a major treatment goal of orthodontics.…”

Section: Effects Of Upper Incisor Position and Inclination On Smilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judged Facial Attractiveness of Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Repose and Smiling

Chahin¹

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Background and Objectives: More so than ever, the public is becoming exceedingly aware of esthetics, and will evaluate their treatment outcome based upon the improvement to their smile and overall enhancement of their facial appearance. There exists a debate in orthodontics, as to whether or not extractions harm the profile. The aim of this study was to determine if facial attractiveness is harmed in subjects having completed orthodontic treatment involving the extraction of four premolars both in repose and smiling when viewed in lateral profile. Another objective is to identify any impact upper incisor retraction has on facial attractiveness. Experimental Design and Methods: A sample of 39 subjects that had completed orthodontic treatment (19 extraction subjects and 20 non-extraction subjects) and had existing pre and posttreatment lateral cephalograms, and lateral repose and smiling photographs, were selected. Orthodontic professionals and laypersons were asked to view a presentation of all of the pre and post-treatment repose and smiling photos of the 39 subjects and asked evaluate facial attractiveness using a visual analogue scale. Amount of incisor retraction was calculated using superimpositions of pre and post-treatment lateral cephalograms. The data was analyzed using paired t-test, ANCOVA, and intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: For the repose data, a statistically significant difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment ranking scores (p < 0.05) was observed in 28 of the 39 subjects. 11 of the 39 subjects (28.2%) had a positive mean difference in repose. For the smiling data, a statistically significant difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment ranking scores (p < 0.05) was also observed in 28 of the 39 subjects. 30 of the 39 subjects (76.9%) had a positive mean difference in smiling. In repose, no statistically significant difference in attractiveness ranking scores between extraction and non-extraction subjects (p > 0.05) was observed. A significant difference in attractiveness ranking scores between orthodontic professionals and laypersons was observed. Orthodontists gave higher attractiveness ranking scores than laypersons (p<0.05) Additionally, a significant difference in attractiveness ranking scores among the different levels of retraction was found. Subjects in the <-2mm and >0 mm retraction groups were judged to be more attractive than subjects who are in the-2-0 mm retraction group (p<0.05). In smiling, no significant differences were observed for any of the variables, nor when combined. Conclusions: Extraction therapy is not harmful to the repose profile or the smiling profile. More subjects were judged to be more attractive post-treatment in smiling than repose. Four premolar extraction made the profile more attractive in repose, whenever the incisors were retracted more than 2 mm. Orthodontists gave higher attractiveness ranking scores than laypersons in repose. There are no differences between judged facial attractiveness and non-extraction vs. extracti...

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Optimal antero-posterior position of the maxillary central incisors and its relationship to the forehead in adult African American females

Gidaly¹,

Tremont

Lin

et al. 2018

The Angle Orthodontist

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Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Identifying the Esthetically Optimal AP Position of Maxillary Incisors in Caucasian Females

Identifying the Esthetically Optimal AP Position of Maxillary Incisors in Caucasian Females

Judged Facial Attractiveness of Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Repose and Smiling

Optimal antero-posterior position of the maxillary central incisors and its relationship to the forehead in adult African American females

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