Facial motor cortex plasticity in patients with unilateral peripheral facial paralysis

Yıldız, Serpil; Bademkıran, Fikret; Yıldız, Nebil; Aydoğdu, İbrahim; Uludaǧ, Burhanettin; Ertekin, Çumhur

doi:10.3233/nre-2007-22209

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The first conoversy concerns the bilaterality and symmetry of cortical command to lower facial muscles. Some TMS studies (Benecke et al 1988; Meyer et al 1989, 1994; Werhahn et al 1995; Urban et al 1997; Liscić & Zidar, 1998; Yildiz et al 2004, 2007; Triggs et al 2005) confirmed findings in monkeys (Jenny & Saper, 1987) which showed that regions of the facial nucleus supplying muscles of the lower face receive a bilateral corticobulbar projection with a contralateral predominance. However, several authors found no ipsilateral responses to cortical TMS in lower facial muscles (Kobayashi et al 2001), whilst others suggested that any small‐amplitude ipsilateral responses were due either to mid‐line crossing of peripheral nerves or to volume conduction of EMG activity in contralateral muscles (Cruccu et al 1990; Paradiso et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…A number of TMS studies have evaluated the motor cortical projection to a range of facial muscles, including frontalis (Cruccu et al 1990), orbicularis oculi (Benecke et al 1988; Cruccu et al 1997; Liscić & Zidar, 1998; Kobayashi et al 2001; Sohn et al 2004; Paradiso et al 2005), nasalis (Rösler et al 1989; Dubach et al 2004), orbicularis oris (Cruccu et al 1990, 1997; Liscić & Zidar, 1998; Rösler et al 1989; Sohn et al 2004; Yildìz et al 2004, 2007; Triggs et al 2005), mentalis (Benecke et al 1988; Cruccu et al 1990; Werhahn et al 1995; Kobayashi et al 2001) and depressor anguli oris muscles (Rösler et al 1989; Meyer et al 1994; Rimpiläinen et al 1992; Paradiso et al 2005). Some of these found no ipsilateral response in lower facial muscles (Cruccu et al 1990; Kobayashi et al 2001; Paradiso et al 2005), which would be consistent with anatomical studies in primates that show only a contralateral projection from M1 face area to the ventral facial nucleus (Jenny & Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these found no ipsilateral response in lower facial muscles (Cruccu et al 1990; Kobayashi et al 2001; Paradiso et al 2005), which would be consistent with anatomical studies in primates that show only a contralateral projection from M1 face area to the ventral facial nucleus (Jenny & Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al 2004). Others, however, suggested that the cortical projections to lower facial muscles are bilateral, although with a contralateral predominance (Benecke et al 1988; Meyer et al 1989, 1994; Werhahn et al 1995; Urban et al 1997; Liscić & Zidar, 1998; Rödel et al 2000; Yildiz et al 2004, 2007; Triggs et al 2005). Our data are similar to these.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we present further information about the physiological organization of these muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the facial area of the human primary motor cortex (face M1). Previous works have already characterized the optimal position and orientation of the coil over the scalp (Benecke et al 1988; Meyer et al 1994; Rödel et al 2000; Dubach et al 2004; Yildiz et al 2007). They have also described the latency and amplitude of facial motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs), as well as the cortical silent period in actively contracting muscles (Werhahn et al 1995; Cruccu et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intracortical circuits, sensorimotor integration and plasticity in human motor cortical projections to muscles of the lower face

Pilurzi

Hasan

Saifee

et al. 2013

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points• Previous studies documented features of corticobulbar projections and of intracortical circuits in the motor cortex innervating lower facial muscles (face M1). However, there have been no studies of the afferent modulation of corticobulbar excitability or of the plasticity of synaptic connections in face M1.• Intracortical circuits, sensorimotor integration and plasticity in face M1 were investigated in healthy volunteers using standard protocols of the transcranial magnetic stimulation technique.• This study showed, for the first time, that face M1 is prone to plastic changes following paired associative stimulation and that its excitability is modulated by afferent stimulation at long latency (200 ms) but not at short latency (20 ms). Furthermore, contralateral predominance of cortical projection to lower facial muscles was confirmed, and the presence of bilateral intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms at rest and during voluntary muscle activation was clarified.• These data provide further physiological insight into pathologies affecting the facial motor system.Abstract Previous studies of the cortical control of human facial muscles documented the distribution of corticobulbar projections and the presence of intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms. Yet surprisingly, given the importance and precision in control of facial expression, there have been no studies of the afferent modulation of corticobulbar excitability or of the plasticity of synaptic connections in the facial primary motor cortex (face M1). In 25 healthy volunteers, we used standard single-and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methods to probe motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), short-intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, short-afferent and long-afferent inhibition and paired associative stimulation in relaxed and active depressor anguli oris muscles. Single-pulse TMS evoked bilateral MEPs at rest and during activity that were larger in contralateral muscles, confirming that corticobulbar projection to lower facial muscles is bilateral and asymmetric, with contralateral predominance. Both short-intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation were present bilaterally in resting and active conditions. Electrical stimulation of the facial nerve paired with a TMS pulse 5-200 ms later showed no short-afferent inhibition, but long-afferent inhibition was present. Paired associative stimulation tested with an electrical stimulation-TMS interval of 20 ms significantly facilitated MEPs for up to 30 min. The long-term potentiation, evoked for the first time in face M1, demonstrates that excitability of the facial motor cortex is prone to plastic changes after

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Intracortical circuits, sensorimotor integration and plasticity in human motor cortical projections to muscles of the lower face

Pilurzi

Hasan

Saifee

et al. 2013

The Journal of Physiology

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“…In a deep brain stimulation study, it was also suggested that M1 projects bilaterally to upper and lower facial nuclei through polysynaptic connections, but the density of contralateral projections is likely to be higher than for ipsilateral muscles (28). Plasticity of the involved intra‐cortical inhibitory mechanisms of the face‐associated cortex and increased activation of ipsilateral fibres may contribute to the quick recovery of the weakness of the lower facial muscles in the first few weeks following stroke (30). This might explain why most of the examined patients only showed mild weakness of the lower facial muscles as the time lag between stroke and examination might have already led to partial recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative assessment of facial muscle impairment in patients with hemispheric stroke

Schimmel

Leemann²,

Christou

et al. 2011

Journal of Oral Rehabilitation

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Facial weakness is frequently observed in patients with hemispheric stroke. Most reports refer to qualitative assessment. The aim was to quantify the upper and lower facial muscle function in patients with hemispheric stroke. Three different facial expressions (forced smile, posed smile and maximum eyebrow lift) and facial rest position were mapped using a 3D video system. Twenty-seven patients with hemispheric stroke (PG) and 22 controls (CG) were recruited. Facial asymmetry was expressed as absolute side differences between four corresponding distances. In PG, a longer distance was found from inner canthus to oral commissure (dist1) on the impaired side in all investigated poses (PG non-affected-affected side: range of all poses 1·18 ± 4·45 to 1·80 ± 2·37 mm; CG right-left side: range -0·69 ± 1·55 to -0·43 ± 1·39 mm, Mann-Whitney tests: 0·0002 < P < 0·0423). In addition, the ratio of the impaired to the non-affected side was different in PG for dist1 in rest and eyebrow lift (Wilcoxon tests: 0·0011 < P < 0·0288). CG showed asymmetries in rest and forced smile (Wilcoxon tests: P = 0·0392 and P = 0·0424). Furthermore, dist1 in PG showed higher variances than in CG (F-tests: 0·0001 < P < 0·0445) except for the relative dist1 at rest (F-test: P = 0·0533). The distance between inner eyebrow corner and inner canthus showed no side difference in both groups during eyebrow lift (n.s.); nevertheless, two patients showed distinct asymmetries. The employed 3D video system proved sensitive in assessing facial muscle function. The results confirm and quantify that the lower facial muscles are more affected by hemispheric stroke than the upper ones and show that the measured distances were more variable in post-stroke patients than in control subjects.

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Effects of incisor extraction on jaw and tongue motor representations within face sensorimotor cortex of adult rats

Avivi‐Arber

Lee

Sessle

2010

J of Comparative Neurology

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Loss of teeth is associated with changes in somatosensory inputs and altered patterns of mastication, but it is unclear whether tooth loss is associated with changes in motor representations within face sensorimotor cortex of rats. We used intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and recordings of cortically evoked muscle electromyographic (EMG) activities to test whether changes occur in the ICMS-defined motor representations of the left and right jaw muscles [masseter, anterior digastric (LAD, RAD)] and tongue muscle [genioglossus (GG)] within the cytoarchitectonically defined face primary motor cortex (face-M1) and adjacent face primary somatosensory cortex (face-S1) 1 week following extraction of the right mandibular incisor in anesthetized (ketamine-HCl) adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Under local and general anesthesia, an "extraction" group (n = 8) received mucoalveolar bone surgery and extraction of the mandibular right incisor. A "sham-extraction" group (n = 6) received surgery with no extraction. A "naive" group (n = 6) had neither surgery nor extraction. Data were compared by using mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA. Dental extraction was associated with a significantly increased number of sites within face-M1 and face-S1 from which ICMS evoked RAD EMG activities, a lateral shift of the RAD and LAD centers of gravity within face-M1, shorter onset latencies of ICMS-evoked GG activities within face-M1 and face-S1, and an increased number of sites within face-M1 from which ICMS simultaneously evoked RAD and GG activities. Our novel findings suggest that dental extraction may be associated with significant neuroplastic changes within the rat's face-M1 and adjacent face-S1 that may be related to the animal's ability to adapt to the altered oral state.

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Facial motor cortex plasticity in patients with unilateral peripheral facial paralysis

Cited by 36 publications

References 46 publications

Intracortical circuits, sensorimotor integration and plasticity in human motor cortical projections to muscles of the lower face

Intracortical circuits, sensorimotor integration and plasticity in human motor cortical projections to muscles of the lower face

Quantitative assessment of facial muscle impairment in patients with hemispheric stroke

Effects of incisor extraction on jaw and tongue motor representations within face sensorimotor cortex of adult rats

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