Facial Gender Surgery: Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Consensus Guidelines from the International Facial Gender Symposium

Abstract

It is estimated that over 1 million individuals in the United States are transgender, and these numbers are growing. 1 Rapidly growing societal acceptance has led to subsequent increases in gender-affirming operations. Facial gender surgery, also called facial gender-confirmation surgery, 2

Computer-aided Planning and Execution in Facial Gender Surgery: Approaches, Concepts, and Implementation

“…This continues to represent a significant barrier for hospitals with limited budgets or self-pay cases, though insurance coverage of these procedures is increasing. 10 Custom-printed plates and bespoke implants vary widely in price based on size, material and complexity but can cost an order of magnitude more than models. Permanent implants which exceed a certain cost threshold are often pass-through items which insurers will reimburse the facility for, but this is insurer-dependent.…”

“…This continues to represent a significant barrier for hospitals with limited budgets or self-pay cases, though insurance coverage of these procedures is increasing. 10 …”

“…Over the years, many centers have found that frontal sinus setback along with osteoplasty is the most appropriate intervention except for patients with frontal sinus agenesis and the four-part classification scheme is mostly of historical interest. 5,10 Traditionally, surgeries addressing the frontal sinus have been safely executed without the use of CAS; however, we are routinely operating on the midface and jaw as well and find time savings and greater simplicity with cutting guides for the forehead once a planning session is deemed necessary for the case.…”

Secondary Forehead Lift in Transgender Women

“…Recent literature has investigated the outcomes after forehead reconstruction (including primary forehead lift) and the majority of recent literature reports significantly high patient satisfaction, aesthetic outcomes, assessment of femininity, and quality of life outcomes by both patients and surgeons [4][5][6][7][8] .…”

Secondary Facial Gender Surgery: Causes of Poor Outcomes and Strategies for Avoidance and Correction

“…[2][3][4][5] However, it is notable that the vast majority of these series come from a small handful of centers that have extensive experience with these procedures. 6 As patient demand grows and accessibility improves, the number of surgeons offering FFS procedures is increasing rapidly each year, with new surgeons simultaneously climbing their own personal learning curves. 7 Presumably as a result, we and others anecdotally have seen a year-over-year increase in patients presenting for revision.…”