Facial Expression of Schizophrenic Patients and Their Interaction Partners

Krause, Rainer; Steimer, E.; Sänger-Alt, C; Wagner, G

doi:10.1080/00332747.1989.11024424

Cited by 97 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…An additional explanation for the aversive automatic perception of positive facial expression primarily in anhedonic patients but also in schizophrenic control patients could lie in structural or boundary disturbances concerning the regulation of intimacy and distance (Krause et al 1989, Scheflen 1981. Other persons' expression of joy may trigger the potential danger of increasing interactive intimacy jeopardising the identity of the schizophrenia patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective priming in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms

Suslow

Roestel

Arolt

2003

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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In the present study automatic perceptual sensitivity to facial affect information was examined in chronic schizophrenic patients. An affective priming task including subliminal and supraliminal presentations of sad and happy facial affect was administered to schizophrenia patients with a flat affect expression (n = 30), schizophrenia patients suffering from anhedonia (n = 30), schizophrenia patients not suffering from anhedonia or flat affect (n = 28), and a group of healthy controls (n = 30). Subjects had to judge valence of neutral Chinese ideographs. Anhedonic and flat affect patients but not patients without affect symptoms were found to be sensitive to negative facial affect on an automatic processing level. None of the schizophrenic patient groups but healthy controls showed a subliminal valence-congruent priming effect based on positive facial affect. Anhedonia as assessed by standardised psychiatric rating was related to a subliminal sensitivity to negative facial expression and a valence-inverted perception of positive facial expression. This pattern of results is largely consistent with predictions derived from Meehl's model of anhedonia. The aversive automatic perception of positive facial expression primarily found in anhedonic patients but also in schizophrenic control patients could lie in structural disturbances concerning the regulation of intimacy and distance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective priming in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms

Suslow

Roestel

Arolt

2003

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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“…Clearly the Duchenne smile, in which the orbicularis oculi, pars lateralis muscle that orbits the eye is contracted in addition to the zygomatic major muscle's pull on the lip corners, is a better sign of enjoyment than other kinds of smiles. A number of other investigators following Ekman and Friesen's suggestion have also found evidence that the Duchenne smile is associated with enjoyment in psychiatric patients (Krause et al, 1989;Matsumoto, 1986;Steiner, 1986), in infants (Fox & Davidson, 1988), in children (von Salisch, 1989, and in normal adults (Ruch, 1987). Ekman and Friesen (1982) predicted that Duchenne smiles are the signal for any of the positive emotions, such as amusement, relief, contentment, satisfaction with achievement, or sensory pleasure, as well as the more general positive emotion terms such as enjoyment or happiness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II.

Ekman

Davidson²,

Friesen³

1990

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

1,158

777

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Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while subjects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was compared with other smiling in which the muscle orbiting the eye was not active. As predicted, the Duchenne smile was related to enjoyment in terms of occurring more often during the pleasant than the unpleasant films, in measures of cerebral asymmetry, and in relation to subjective reports of positive emotions, and other smiling was not. In the introduction to his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/1955), Darwin described his indebtedness to the French anatomist Duchenne de Boulogne, who had published his Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine 10 years earlier, in 1862. Darwin explained how Duchenne analyses by means of electricity, and illustrates by magnificent photographs, the movements of the facial muscles. ... No one has more carefully studied the contraction of each separate muscle, and the consequent furrows produced on the skin. He has also, and this is a very important service, shown which muscles are least under the control of the will. (1872/1955, p. 5) Observing differences in the appearance of spontaneous smiling (Figure 1) and a smile resulting from electrical stimulation of the zygomatic major muscle (Figure 2), Duchenne wrote: The emotion of frank joy is expressed on the face by the combined contraction of the zygomaticus major muscle and the orbicularis oculi. The first obeys the will but the second is only put in play by the sweet emotions of the soul; the.. . fake joy, the deceitful laugh, cannot provoke the contraction of this latter muscle... .The muscle around the eye does not obey the will; it is only brought into play by a true feeling, by an agreeable emotion. Its inertia, in smiling, unmasks a false friend. (1862/in press) 1 Ekman (1989) has suggested that this form of smiling-distinguished by the combination of both the zygomatic and orbicularis oculi muscles-which is hypothesized to occur with spontaneously occurring enjoyment, be called the Duchenne smile.

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“…In fact, evidence shows that the increased proportion of enjoyment smiles compared to non-enjoyment smiles can foretell clinically depressed patients' successful response to therapy . Moreover, patients with schizophrenia tend to show different, and sometimes, fewer or more disorganized facial expressions than normal patients (Krause et al 1989) when experiencing an emotion. These patients seem to feel emotion, as measured by galvanic skin conductance measures, but they do not express these emotions (Kring and Neale 1996).…”

Section: Microexpressions and Deceptionmentioning

confidence: 98%