Facial expression of pain in Nellore and crossbred beef cattle

Müller, Bruno; Soriano, Vanessa Souza; Bellio, Jennifer Cristina Biscarra; Molento, Carla Forte Maiolino

doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2019.07.007

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…FAUs can be species-specific with each FAU requiring validation and ideally, statistical modelling and weighting, to determine its significance in the system [ 8 ]. This means the number of FAUs can vary amongst species with mice having five FAUs [ 100 ], rats four [ 41 ], sheep three to five [ 70 , 82 ], lambs five [ 107 ], equines six [ 37 ], ferrets three [ 106 ], cattle three to four [ 68 , 85 ], rabbits five [ 45 ] and pigs and piglets three [ 91 , 114 ]. While some FAUs movements appear to be tightly conserved (i.e., orbital tightening), others vary amongst species.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pain expression and threshold levels can also vary slightly amongst breed or strain [ 67 , 68 ]. Baseline grimace scores need to be taken for every cohort daily for approximately three days before the initiation of an experiment or potentially painful stimuli to minimise these variations [ 75 ].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The types of procedures or experiment performed should not obscure the ability of the technique to detect pain [ 39 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 67 ]. Pain identification should be consistent across the species regardless of sex, strain or breed; however, differences in pain thresholds between sexes or strains may exist [ 67 , 68 ]. Additionally, some natural behaviours (i.e., flehmen response, aggression) [ 3 , 4 , 32 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ] or physiological indicators (i.e., cortisol, heart rate) [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 15 , 17 , 21 , 66 ] may be equivocal and require differentiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The individual expression, magnitude and experience of pain can vary between animals [ 67 , 68 ]. There are known difficulties in measuring the magnitude of a particular animal’s pain or distress which can make the absolute measurement or degree of pain challenging to assess [ 4 , 21 , 62 , 68 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regions of the face that have been found to change during the expression of pain include the eye, nose, cheek, mouth, ear and whiskers [ 8 , 81 , 100 ]. The position or carriage of the head is also found to change in some species as well [ 33 , 64 , 68 , 85 , 101 , 102 ]. The FAUs related to the expression of a grimace face in mammalian animals used in research are included in Table 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grimace Scores: Tools to Support the Identification of Pain in Mammals Used in Research

Cohen

Beths

2020

Animals

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The 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, is a framework to ensure the ethical and justified use of animals in research. The implementation of refinements is required to alleviate and minimise the pain and suffering of animals in research. Public acceptability of animal use in research is contingent on satisfying ethical and legal obligations to provide pain relief along with humane endpoints. To fulfil this obligation, staff, researchers, veterinarians, and technicians must rapidly, accurately, efficiently and consistently identify, assess and act on signs of pain. This ability is paramount to uphold animal welfare, prevent undue suffering and mitigate possible negative impacts on research. Identification of pain may be based on indicators such as physiological, behavioural, or physical ones. Each has been used to develop different pain scoring systems with potential benefits and limitations in identifying and assessing pain. Grimace scores are a promising adjunctive behavioural technique in some mammalian species to identify and assess pain in research animals. The use of this method can be beneficial to animal welfare and research outcomes by identifying animals that may require alleviation of pain or humane intervention. This paper highlights the benefits, caveats, and potential applications of grimace scales.

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