Facial emotions recognition in boys with attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Establishing the Relationship Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Emotional Facial Expression Recognition Deficit: A Systematic Review

“…In contrast, other studies found that inattention was correlated with FER accuracy (Conner’s Parent Rating Scale p < .001) ( Waddington et al, 2018 ) in children and adolescents, and that it predicted lower anger recognition scores in children (ß = −.05, p < .05) ( Maire et al, 2019 ; Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ). Moreover, inattention was negatively associated with sad face recognition ( p = .026, t = −2.371) ( Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ) in children.…”

“…In contrast, other studies found that inattention was correlated with FER accuracy (Conner’s Parent Rating Scale p < .001) ( Waddington et al, 2018 ) in children and adolescents, and that it predicted lower anger recognition scores in children (ß = −.05, p < .05) ( Maire et al, 2019 ; Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ). Moreover, inattention was negatively associated with sad face recognition ( p = .026, t = −2.371) ( Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ) in children. Hyperactivity (Conner Parent Rating Scale p < .001) ( Waddington et al, 2018 ) and oppositional behavior were also correlated with FER accuracy in children and adolescents (Conner’s Parent Rating Scale p < .001; Conner’s Teacher Rating Scale p < .01) ( Waddington et al, 2018 ), (ß = −.31, p < .01) ( Maire et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Some studies used test batteries such as Ekman and Friesen’s facial affect battery ( Airdrie et al, 2018 ; Rinke et al, 2017 ), the Child Affective Facial Expression Set ( Buongiorno et al, 2020 ), the facial emotion task from the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks ( Waddington et al, 2018 ), the faces submodule of the Frankfurt Test and Training of Facial Affect Recognition second edition (FEFA2) ( Löytömäki et al, 2020 ), the National Institute of Mental Health Child Emotional Faces Picture Set ( Staff et al, 2022 ), and the Bochum Emotional Stimulus Set ( Thoma et al, 2020 ). Other studies used facial emotion pictures from databases such as The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database ( Helfer et al, 2021 ), the Cohn Kanade database ( Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ), and the Dartmouth database ( Wells et al, 2019 ). Finally, some authors employed morphing programs ( Greco et al, 2021 ; Jusyte et al, 2017 ; Maire et al, 2019 ; Staff et al, 2022 ) in FER tasks.…”

“…Many studies reported significantly higher FER performance in control groups compared with that in children and adolescents with confirmed ( Buongiorno et al, 2020 ; Greco et al, 2021 ; Jusyte et al, 2017 ; Kara et al, 2017 ; Löytömäki et al, 2020 ; Maire et al, 2019 ; Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ; Waddington et al, 2018 ) and subthreshold ADHD ( Staff et al, 2022 ). Some authors reported that the difference remained significant after controlling for disruptive behavior scores ( Kara et al, 2017 ) and ODD symptoms ( p = .463) ( Staff et al, 2022 ), and that there was no correlation with impulsive or inattentive behavior ( Jusyte et al, 2017 ), attention-related variables ( Buongiorno et al, 2020 ), hyperactivity ( Maire et al, 2019 ), or IQ ( Buongiorno et al, 2020 ; Waddington et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Hyperactivity (Conner Parent Rating Scale p < .001) ( Waddington et al, 2018 ) and oppositional behavior were also correlated with FER accuracy in children and adolescents (Conner’s Parent Rating Scale p < .001; Conner’s Teacher Rating Scale p < .01) ( Waddington et al, 2018 ), (ß = −.31, p < .01) ( Maire et al, 2019 ). The latter was related to decreased recognition of sad (ß = −.05, p < .01)( Maire et al, 2019 ) and surprised faces (ß = −.04, p < .01)( Maire et al, 2019 ), suggesting that oppositional symptoms may negatively impact emotion recognition abilities in children ( Maire et al, 2019 ; Tehrani-Doost et al, 2017 ).…”