Facial Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in a Boy

Barraza, Leonardo Lora; Tolomelli, Jéssica Bissoli; Cunha, Caroline Graça; Filho, Fred Bernardes; Towersey, Loan; Hay, Roderick J.; Schechtman, Regina Casz; Nery, José Augusto da Costa

doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.031

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The disease’s incidence has recently increased in children aged 5–9, while it has decreased in younger children [ 17 ]. The majority of sporotrichosis cases reported in children aged 10–14 years old primarily affect the face, which is likely due to increased susceptibility in an area exposed to a variety of traumatisms [ 17 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sporotrichosis in Children: Case series and Narrative Review

Queiroz‐Telles

Bonifáz

Cognialli

et al. 2022

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

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Purpose of Review Pediatric sporotrichosis has not been sufficiently studied; this review aims to evaluate the risk and prognostic factors related to the development of sporotrichosis associated to this age group. Also, we want to evaluate the causes of the increased number of cases of sporotrichosis in the pediatric population such as environmental changes in endemic areas, the biodiversity, and virulence among the pathogenic clade causing sporotrichosis in different areas of the globe, and especially the progression of the zoonotic transmission of infections caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis infections, associated to zoonotic transmission in Brazil and other endemic sporotrichosis countries. Recent Findings After evaluating a case series of 40 patients, we found that pediatric sporotrichosis in Mexico is mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii which prevails in rural areas and is mainly sapronotically transmitted. In Brazil, the longest and largest pediatric sporotrichosis outbreak is caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis , etiologically related to sick cats, directly from lesions containing a high yeast cell burden. When affecting children S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis may cause distinct clinical manifestations especially in the onset of the disease and affected anatomical site. In Mexico, most of the patients are successfully treated with potassium iodide, whereas in Brazil, all patients respond to itraconazole. Summary Sporothrix schenckii is the major etiologic agent in Mexico, being sapronotically transmitted, while in Brazil, Sporothrix brasiliensis is only transmitted by cats. In Mexico, the disease prevails in male patients (60%) from rural areas; in Brazil, the disease is more frequent in females (60%) from an urban region. Due to the zoonotic sporotrichosis outbreak in Brazil, the time of evolution seems to be shorter in Brazilian patients than in Mexican patients. Most Brazilian patients presented with facial lesions, including ocular involvement, while in Mexico, most of the children presented upper limbs involvement. In Mexico, treatment with potassium iodide in children was observed to induce faster remission than itraconazole, but controlled studies are lacking to evaluate this versus itraconazole, due to the low number of cases. A comparative study should be designed to evaluate the best and safest antifungal therapy for pediatric sporotrichosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12281-022-00429-x.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of sporotrichosis cases reported in children aged Fig. 1 Search strategy for a narrative review of sporotrichosis in pediatric patients 10-14 years old primarily affect the face, which is likely due to increased susceptibility in an area exposed to a variety of traumatisms [17,29,30].…”

Section: Eco-epidemiologic Aspects Of Sporotrichosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporotrichosis in Children: Case series and Narrative Review

Queiroz‐Telles

Bonifáz

Cognialli

et al. 2022

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

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“…A total of 68 publications with 11,050 cases of sporotrichosis were found in South America [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 …”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sporotrichosis In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these, 4 reports were found in Argentina during the analyzed period with 38 cases, of which 9 were caused by S. schenckii sensu stricto (23.68%), 26 by S. brasiliensis (68.52%), 1 by S. globosa (2.6%), 1 by S. schenckii (2.6%), and 1 by S. schenckii complex (2.6%) [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Brazil reported 42 articles with 5546 analyzed cases [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ], identifying Sporothrix spp. and S. schenckii complex as the causative agent in 4906 cases (88.46%), S. schenckii in 302 (5.45%), S. brasiliensis in 125 (2.25%), Sporothrix sensu lato in 110 (1.98%), S. globosa plus S. schenckii in 91 cases (1.64%) Sporothrix sensu stricto in 5 (0.09%), S. globosa in 4 (0.07%), and S. mexicana in 3 (0.05%) during the studied period.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Sporotrichosis In South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas in the Last Ten Years

Hernández‐Castro

Pinto‐Almazán

Arenas

et al. 2022

JoF

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Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus. Presently, the prevalence of sporotrichosis in the Americas is unknown, so this study aims to analyze the cases reported in the past 10 years. Methods: An advanced search was conducted from 2012 to 2022 in English and Spanish in PUBMED, SciELO, and Cochrane, with the terms: “sporotrichosis”, “lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis”, “fixed sporotrichosis”, “mycosis”, “Sporothrix spp.”, “Sporothrix complex”, “S. schenckii sensu stricto”, “S. schenckii sensu lato”, “S. globose”, “S. brasiliensis”, “S. luriei”. Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus associated with “pathogenicity” or “epidemiology”. Results: A total of 124 articles were found in the Americas, corresponding to 12,568 patients. Of these, 87.38% of cases were reported in South America, 11.62% in North America, and 1.00% in Central America and the Caribbean. Brazil, Peru, and Mexico had the highest number of cases. The most prevalent etiological agents were S. schenckii complex/Sporothrix spp. (52.91%), S. schenckii (42.38%), others (4.68%), and Not Determined (ND) (0.03%). The most frequent form of the disease was lymphocutaneous infection; however, the infection type was not determined in 5639 cases. Among the diagnostic methods, culture was the most used. Conclusions: There is a high occurrence of cases reported in the literature. South America is the region with the highest number of reports because of its environment (climate, inhalation of spores, etc.), zoonotic transmission (scratches and sneezes from contaminated animals), and possible traumatic inoculation due to outdoor activities (agriculture, gardening, and related occupations). Molecular diagnosis has not been sufficiently developed due to its high cost.

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“…Since the first reports of its transmission to humans through contact with infected cats in the 1990s, the number of severe cases of the disease in humans has been increasing. Therefore, this zoonosis has become relevant to public health [1–4]. The infected cats carry the fungus in their injured sites, oral cavities, and nails, and the transmission is made by scratches, bites, and contact with the wound exudates [5–7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associated factors and spatial patterns of the epidemic sporotrichosis in a high density human populated area: A cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2018

Lecca

Paiva

Oliveira

et al. 2019

Preprint

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We carried out an epidemiological characterization of human and feline sporotrichosis, between 2016 and 2018, in a high density-populated area in Brazil. Professionals were trained to identify suspected cats and notified vets to interview the owners and collect swabs of the wounds from these animals. Mycological cultures were performed, and colonies identified for Spotrothrix spp. Subsequently, data regarding the outcome from suspected animals were collected. Confirmed cases of human sporotrichosis (56) were also counted and analysed for spatial distribution. Regions with highest prevalence of feline sporotrichosis, had greater frequencies of both human and feline cases. 118 (77.63%) animals were positive. Animals that lived only partially at home were 3.02 times more likely of being positive (OR 3.02, CI 95% 1,96-10,43). The prevalence of feline sporotrichosis was 8.36 ‰ (CI 95%, 5.38 - 9.55 ‰). There was no statistically significant association between environmental variables and positive diagnosis, corroborating the hypothesis that direct transmission by infected cats plays a greater role in the occurrence and continuous outbreaks of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Among the positive animals, 61.90% (CI 95% 58.95 - 64.96) died, being 6.30 times more likely to die than negative animals (p< 0.05, OR 6.30, CI 95% 2,79-14,42). The lethality rate was 55.08% in cats (CI 95% 49.20 - 51.15). The mortality for sporotrichosis was 4.6 ‰ cats (CI 95% 3.4 - 6 ‰). Only 7.62% (CI 95% 7.12 - 8.16) positive cats were treated and cured. Among dead positive animals, 29.23% were inappropriately discarded. This is the first report on the epidemic of sporotrichosis in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The free offer for treatment and veterinary care to these animals should be taken into consideration, as well as the collection and incineration of the dead ones, as measures of public health, followed by the guidance and care for the human patient.

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Facial Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in a Boy

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Sporotrichosis in Children: Case series and Narrative Review

Sporotrichosis in Children: Case series and Narrative Review

Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas in the Last Ten Years

Associated factors and spatial patterns of the epidemic sporotrichosis in a high density human populated area: A cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2018

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