“…In this section, five standard databases, including FGNET Aging database (Lanitis, Taylor, and Cootes 2002), Visible (VI) and Near-Infrared (NIR) Face Database (Shen et al 2011), OSR database (Parikh and Grauman 2011), PubFig database (Kumar et al 2009) and LFW database (Huang et al 2007) (Davis et al 2007), LDML (Guillaumin, Verbeek, and Schmid 2009), IDENTITY (Huo, Nie, and Huang 2016) and MAHAL (Huo, Nie, and Huang 2016). For our method, we set λ = 0.001, ξ = 10 −5 and R = 5.…”