Face masks and respirators: Towards sustainable materials and technologies to overcome the shortcomings and challenges

Abstract

The unprecedented threat of COVID‐19 and the likelihood of other emerging infectious diseases have accentuated the need for sustainable and effective masks and respirators (MAR). MAR assists in minimizing the risk of infection and controlling the spread of pathogens. However, during the COVID‐19 pandemic, there was a worldwide scarcity of MAR due to unprecedented global demand. There are also notable limitations in commonly used MAR, such as low filtration efficiency, poor fit, non‐reusability, physiological impact, lack of biocompatibility and non‐biodegradability, and inability to kill pathogens. Therefore, there remains an unmet need for a comprehensive study focusing on potential materials and new technologies for MAR. Here we outline a comprehensive overview of the limitations of conventional MAR followed by required potential solutions (such as using nanofibers/graphene base filters/metal‐organic framework as filter media, laser scanning and 3D printing for fit and seal, applying antimicrobial nanomaterials coating on filter media, using reusable and biodegradable materials, developing high‐performing cloth masks, improving hydrophobicity, etc.). The information on potential materials and new technologies of MAR and research evidence outlined here can inform further research and development of high‐performing and sustainable respiratory protection technologies to improve the health and safety of the first responders and the community.

Meta-Aerogel Electric Trap Enables Instant and Continuable Pathogen Killing in Face Masks

“…Within this setup, an E. coli-containing aerosol was generated using a nebulizer, while a fan facilitated the diffusion process to maintain an airborne bacterial concentration of 10 4 CFU mL −1 . 54 By simulating a breathing rate of 15 cycles per minute for 10 min, the levels of bacteria on the middle and inner layers (Figure S13b) of the exposed EBP mask were measured several times. Figure 4d shows that the bacteria could not be intercepted completely when the supply was turned off and exhibited high activity and unhindered growth.…”

Direct and Indirect Impacts of Disposable Face Masks and Gloves on Freshwater Benthic Fauna and Sediment Biogeochemistry

“…Management strategies can be found at both the manufacturer and consumer levels. Improvement in materials used in manufacturing PPE to include more sustainable or repurposable polymers has been suggested, alongside improvements from nonwoven fibers to organic nanofibers . While there is reasonable concern from consumers regarding the efficacy of reusable cloth masks, natural fiber cotton cloth masks have been identified as an effective and sustainable solution to minimize COVID-19 transmission when double-layered, reducing environmental impact even as fibers inevitably shed over time.…”

“…Improvement in materials used in manufacturing PPE to include more sustainable or repurposable polymers has been suggested, alongside improvements from nonwoven fibers to organic nanofibers . While there is reasonable concern from consumers regarding the efficacy of reusable cloth masks, natural fiber cotton cloth masks have been identified as an effective and sustainable solution to minimize COVID-19 transmission when double-layered, reducing environmental impact even as fibers inevitably shed over time. Additionally, educational outreach campaigns can be informative for consumers who are either unsure of proper disposal methods or unaware of the impacts of PPE litter.…”

A greener prescription: the power of natural organic materials in healthcare

“…3 Nonetheless, their uninterrupted use further increased the amount of single-use medical items and non-biodegradable plastics. 2,4,5 As the demand for healthcare electronics grows, its development must be aligned with sustainable practices to mitigate the adverse impact on the environment.…”