Face mask mandates and risk compensation: an analysis of mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

Wadud, Zia; Rahman, Sheikh Mokhlesur; Enam, Annesha

doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006803

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…One of the concerns with public health measures is that individuals who undertake these measures may engage in a higher risk behavior, believing that they are protected, thereby removing the benefits of the measures. The results of this study refute this theory of risk compensation; 28 , 29 participants more in favors of the protective measures were also the ones with better intention to get vaccinated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Influenza vaccination in coronavirus times: Primary Care professionals’ intention to get vaccinated in Central Catalonia (VAGCOVID). A cross sectional study

Muñoz-Miralles

Bonet-Esteve

Rufas-Cebollero

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Influenza vaccination is the main measure of prevention against epidemic flu. Although recommended, vaccination coverage remains low. The lack of knowledge about the evolution of influenza in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic led to the recommendation of influenza vaccination to people at risk and professionals to avoid a greater burden than the one already posed by SARS-CoV-2. The aim of the study is to determine health professionals’ intention to vaccinate against seasonal flu in the 2020-2021 campaign, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and to analyse the factors that influence it. Cross-sectional study through a structured survey aimed at Primary Care professionals in Central Catalonia. A total of 610 participants responded to the survey, 65.7% of whom intended to get vaccinated against influenza in this campaign, and 11.1% did not know or did not answer. The intention to get vaccinated is associated with the professional category and the number of years of professional practice. The profile of the professionals who intend to get vaccinated against flu includes professionals with a history of vaccination, who participate in on-call duties and perceive that their dependents were at risk of becoming ill. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, although almost two-thirds of the respondents showed a clear intention to get vaccinated against influenza, 11% were doubtful. To improve influenza vaccination uptake among health professionals, strategies need to be devised to target those professionals who are hesitant or reluctant to vaccinate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Influenza vaccination in coronavirus times: Primary Care professionals’ intention to get vaccinated in Central Catalonia (VAGCOVID). A cross sectional study

Muñoz-Miralles

Bonet-Esteve

Rufas-Cebollero

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…The risk compensation theory suggests that people adjust their behaviour in response to perceived levels of risk and become more careful where they sense greater risk [67][68][69][70][71]. A few studies found no evidence of risk compensation during the pandemic [56,68,72], but our findings suggest it exists like it does in Bangladesh [56]. This finding may have implications for health education on the use of COVID-19 control measures.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…This may reflect high risk-taking nature of individuals who had symptoms of COVID-19 but did not get tested which would explain the poor physical distancing practices. Risk-takers have lower COVID-19 precautionary index [56]. However, it does not explain the higher odds of working remotely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…First, we observed that respondents with predisposing health risks to COVID-19 appear to understand their risk and therefore, are better at physical distancing than the rest of the population. Those with little or no health risk are more likely to engage in risk-taking [56]. However, they are less able to obtain face masks than the general population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is self-reported depression, HIV status, COVID-19 health risk profile and SARS-CoV-2 exposure associated with difficulty in adhering to COVID-19 prevention measures among residents in West Africa?

et al. 2022

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Background The aim of this study was to determine whether self-reported depression, coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) health risk profile, HIV status, and SARS-CoV-2 exposure were associated with the use of COVID-19 prevention measures. Methods This survey collected data electronically between June 29 and December 31, 2020 from a convenient sample of 5050 adults 18 years and above living in 12 West African countries. The dependent variables were: social distancing, working remotely, difficulty obtaining face masks and difficulty washing hands often. The independent variables were self-reported depression, having a health risk for COVID-19 (high, moderate and little/no risk), living with HIV and COVID-19 status (SARS-CoV-2 positive tests, having COVID-19 symptoms but not getting tested, having a close friend who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and knowing someone who died from COVID-19). Four binary logistic regression models were developed to model the associations between the dependent and independent variables, adjusting for socio-demographic variables (age, gender, educational status, employment status and living status). Results There were 2412 (47.8%) male participants and the mean (standard deviation) age was 36.94 (11.47) years. Respondents who reported depression had higher odds of working remotely (AOR: 1.341), and having difficulty obtaining face masks (AOR: 1.923;) and washing hands often (AOR: 1.263). People living with HIV had significantly lower odds of having difficulty washing hands often (AOR: 0.483). Respondents with moderate health risk for COVID-19 had significantly higher odds of social distancing (AOR: 1.144) and those with high health risk had difficulty obtaining face masks (AOR: 1.910). Respondents who had a close friend who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (AOR: 1.132) and knew someone who died of COVID-19 (AOR: 1.094) had significantly higher odds of social distancing. Those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 had significantly lower odds of social distancing (AOR: 0.629) and working remotely (AOR: 0.713). Those who had symptoms of COVID-19 but did not get tested had significantly lower odds of social distancing (AOR: 0.783) but significantly higher odds of working remotely (AOR: 1.277). Conclusions The study signifies a disparity in the access to and use of COVID-19 preventative measures that is allied to the health and COVID-19 status of residents in West Africa. Present findings point to risk compensation behaviours in explaining this outcome.

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“…Mandatory mask wearing might have created a sense of safety among the public which led to the decrease in the amount of time spent at home. Wadud et al discuss the risk compensation effects of mandatory mask wearing rules in further detail ( 29 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of COVID-19-Related Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Mobility and Accidents in Bangladesh

Enam

Rahman

Mahmud

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Transport plays a major role in spreading contagious diseases such as COVID-19 by facilitating social contacts. The standard response to fighting COVID-19 in most countries has been imposing a lockdown—including on the transport sector—to slow down the spread. Though the Government of Bangladesh also imposed a lockdown quite early, it was forced to relax the lockdown for economic reasons. This motivates this study to assess the interaction between various non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) policies and transport sector outcomes, such as mobility and accidents, in Bangladesh. The study explores the effect of NPIs on both intra- and inter-regional mobility. Intra-regional mobility is captured using Google mobility reports which provide information about the number of visitors at different activity locations. Inter-regional, or long-distance, mobility is captured using vehicle count information from toll booths on a major bridge. Modeling shows that, in most cases, the policy interventions had the desired impact on people’s mobility patterns. Closure of education institutes, offices, public transport, and shopping malls reduced mobility at most locations. The closure of garment factories reduced mobility for work and at transit stations only. Mobility was increased at all places except at residential locations, after the wearing of masks was made mandatory. Reduced traffic because of policy interventions resulted in a lower number of accidents (crashes) and related fatalities. However, mobility-normalized crashes and fatalities increased nationally. The outcomes of the study are especially useful in understanding the differential impacts of various policy measures on transport, and thus would help future evidence-based decision-making.

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Face mask mandates and risk compensation: an analysis of mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

Influenza vaccination in coronavirus times: Primary Care professionals’ intention to get vaccinated in Central Catalonia (VAGCOVID). A cross sectional study

Influenza vaccination in coronavirus times: Primary Care professionals’ intention to get vaccinated in Central Catalonia (VAGCOVID). A cross sectional study

Is self-reported depression, HIV status, COVID-19 health risk profile and SARS-CoV-2 exposure associated with difficulty in adhering to COVID-19 prevention measures among residents in West Africa?

Impacts of COVID-19-Related Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Mobility and Accidents in Bangladesh

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