Face age modulates gaze following in young adults

Ciardo, Francesca; Marino, Barbara F. M.; Actis-Grosso, Rossana; Rossetti, Angela; Ricciardelli, Paola

doi:10.1038/srep04746

Cited by 58 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Bailey et al, 2014;Ciardo, Marino, Actis-Grosso, Rossetti, & Ricciardelli, 2014;Slessor et al, 2010), 1 though it is important to note that our task differed significantly from these previous studies. In these previous studies, participants were explicitly instructed to detect targets, or move their eyes in a particular direction, whilst our participants simply viewed natural images without being given any further instructions.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Own-age biases in adults’ and children’s joint attention: Biased face prioritization, but not gaze following!

Freebody

Kuhn

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Previous studies have reported own-age biases in younger and older adults in gaze following. We investigated own-age biases in social attentional processes between adults and children by focusing on two aspects of the joint attention process; the extent to which people attend towards an individual's face, and the extent to which they fixate objects that are looked at by this person (i.e., gaze following). Participants viewed images that always contained a child and an adult who either looked towards each other or each looked at objects located to their side. Observers consistently, and rapidly fixated the actor's faces, though the children were faster to fixate the child's face than the adult's faces, whilst the adults were faster to fixate on the adult's face than the child's face. The children also spent significantly more time fixating the child's face than the adult's face, and the opposite pattern of results was found for the adults. Whilst both adults and children prioritized objects when they were looked at by the actor, both groups showed equivalent levels of gaze following, and there was no own-age bias for gaze following. Our results show an own-age bias for prioritizing faces, but not gaze following.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Own-age biases in adults’ and children’s joint attention: Biased face prioritization, but not gaze following!

Freebody

Kuhn

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Moreover, Ciardo et al have recently found an AOB for voluntary saccades in younger but not older adults (Ciardo et al, 2014). Here participants were asked to execute a volitional saccade that was either congruent or incongruent with centrally presented distractor gaze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related decline in the reflexive component of overt gaze following

Kuhn

Pagano

Maani

et al. 2015

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Abstract:Previous research has found age-related declines in social perception tasks as well as the ability to engage in joint attention, and orienting covert attention (i.e. absence of eye movements) in response to an eye gaze cue. We used an overt gaze following task to explore age differences in overt gaze following whilst people searched for a target. Participants were faster to detect targets appearing at the looked at location, and although the gaze cue biased the direction in which saccades were executed, no age differences were found in overt gaze following.There were however, age effects relating to involuntary eye movements. In the younger adults, anticipatory saccades were biased in the direction of the gaze cue, but this bias was not observed in the older group. Moreover, in the younger adults, saccades that followed the gaze were initiated more rapidly, illustrating the reflexive nature of gaze following. No such difference was observed in the older adults. Importantly, our results showed that whilst the general levels of gaze following were age-invariant, there were age-related differences in the reflexive components of overt gaze following.

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“…In so doing, the direction of the instructed saccade can be either congruent or incongruent with that of the gaze stimulus. Typically, smaller saccadic latencies and a greater accuracy emerge on congruent than on incongruent trials, indicating the presence of a gaze following behaviour [33][34][35][36][37][38] . Here, in two experiments we employed a modified version of this paradigm in which the task-irrelevant central face could either establish eye contact with participants or not before they were prompted to execute a saccadic eye movement.…”

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confidence: 99%

Eye contact boosts the reflexive component of overt gaze following

Dalmaso

Alessi

Castelli

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Establishing eye contact with an individual can subsequently lead to a stronger gaze-mediated orienting effect. However, studies exploring this phenomenon have, so far, only assessed manual responses and focused on covert attention -namely, without eye movements. Here, in two experiments, we explored for the first time whether eye contact can also impact on overt attention in an oculomotor task. This approach has two main advantages, in that it relies on more sensitive, online measures of attention allocation and it better mimics real life settings. Participants performed leftwards and rightwards eye movements in response to a central cue. Furthermore, a task-irrelevant central face established -or not -eye contact with the participant, and then averted its gaze either leftwards or rightwards. Hence, eye movement direction was either congruent or incongruent with that of the gaze stimulus. In both experiments, a gaze following behaviour emerged -specifically, smaller saccadic latencies and a greater accuracy emerged on congruent than on incongruent trials -but its magnitude was not modulated by eye contact. However, in Experiment 2 -in which the different eye contact conditions were presented intermixed rather than blocked, thus making eye contact contextually salient -eye contact led to an overall decrement of saccadic latencies and enhanced the reflexive component of gaze following. Taken together, these results provide novel evidence indicating that eye contact can impact on both eye movements programming and overt gaze following mechanisms, at least when eye contact is made contextually salient.

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Face age modulates gaze following in young adults

Cited by 58 publications

References 41 publications

Own-age biases in adults’ and children’s joint attention: Biased face prioritization, but not gaze following!

Own-age biases in adults’ and children’s joint attention: Biased face prioritization, but not gaze following!

Age-related decline in the reflexive component of overt gaze following

Eye contact boosts the reflexive component of overt gaze following

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