Fabrication Techniques and the Formation Mechanism of Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters in Metal Materials

Abstract

Continuous innovation in the design of metallic materials is essential for further progress in aerospace, automotive, construction, and shipping. Fine grain strengthening is considered to increase the strength of metals without losing plasticity. However, many fabrication techniques are restricted to very small sizes. Recently, the introduction of in situ nanoparticles with coherent or semi-coherent interfaces in the metallic matrix achieves simultaneous enhancement of the strength and ductility of metallic materials. In this review, the focus is on fabrication techniques and the formation mechanism of nanoparticles and nanoclusters in metal materials. The effects of nanoparticles on grain refinement, inhibiting segregation, second phase, and inclusion refinement are discussed, and the mechanism of simultaneous improvement in the strength and ductility of nanostructured metal materials is briefly covered. Finally, we provide a summary and outline of the possible direction for further advances in this research field.