Fabrication of Waveguides and Other Optical Elements by Multiphoton Lithography

Kumpfmüller, Josef Theodor; Pucher, Niklas; Stampfl, Jürgen; Liska, Robert

doi:10.1002/9783527682676.ch10

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 89 publications

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“…Low-loss polymers and organic modified ceramics (ORMOCERs) fabricated by AM are being investigated in a variety of applications in optical communications and photonics. 744 2PP (see section 2.1.4 ) allows the fabrication of optical elements with submicrometer resolution and provides the unique character of direct 3D writing within an optically transparent medium. This latter feature has been exploited by a few groups to construct microscopic waveguide structures.…”

Section: Selected Applications Of Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Ligon

Liska²,

Stampfl³

et al. 2017

Chem. Rev.

Self Cite

2,714

2,191

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Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting. The range of polymers used in AM encompasses thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, hydrogels, functional polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biological systems. Aspects of polymer design, additives, and processing parameters as they relate to enhancing build speed and improving accuracy, functionality, surface finish, stability, mechanical properties, and porosity are addressed. Selected applications demonstrate how polymer-based AM is being exploited in lightweight engineering, architecture, food processing, optics, energy technology, dentistry, drug delivery, and personalized medicine. Unparalleled by metals and ceramics, polymer-based AM plays a key role in the emerging AM of advanced multifunctional and multimaterial systems including living biological systems as well as life-like synthetic systems.

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Section: Selected Applications Of Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Ligon

Liska²,

Stampfl³

et al. 2017

Chem. Rev.

Self Cite

2,714

2,191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Nano‐3D‐Printed Photochromic Micro‐Objects

Ulrich

Wang

Rottmar

et al. 2021

Small

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when a light stimulus is applied, enabling their remote control with high spatial and temporal precision. [1][2][3] The controlled change of properties upon light irradiation has been exploited for a broad range of applications ranging from photochromic ophthalmic lenses to optical switches, phase shifters, sensors, drug delivery, and actuators for soft robotics. [4][5][6][7][8] Most established systems, however, require UV light, which provides a very limited penetration depth into many materials or into skin, and is often detrimental to their structure. [9] These limitations have boosted the search for visible light-responsive photoswitches. One of the most remarkable developments in this field was the discovery of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs), a new class of visible light-responsive photoswitches with negative photochromism. [10][11][12] With the rapidly increasing knowledge on their structure-property relationships and their subsequent optimization, 2nd and 3rd generation DASAs have overcome initial limitations, providing now access to the whole range of the visible spectrum with excellent photoswitching properties both in solution and in polymer matrices. [13][14][15] In materials science, DASAs have already been employed in multiple applications Molecular photoswitches that can reversibly change color upon irradiation are promising materials for applications in molecular actuation and photoresponsive materials. However, the fabrication of photochromic devices is limited to conventional approaches such as mold casting and spin-coating, which cannot fabricate complex structures. Reported here is the first photoresist for direct laser writing of photochromic 3D micro-objects via twophoton polymerization. The integration of photochromism into thiol-ene photo-clickable resins enables rapid two-photon laser processing of highly complex microstructures and facile postmodification using a series of donoracceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) photoswitches with different excitation wavelengths. The versatility of thiol-ene photo-click reactions allows finetuning of the network structure and physical properties as well as the type and concentration of DASA. When exposed to visible light, these microstructures exhibit excellent photoresponsiveness and undergo reversible colorchanging via photoisomerization. It is demonstrated that the fluorescence variations of DASAs can be used as a reporter of photoswitching and thermal recovery, allowing the reading of DASA-containing sub-micrometric structures in 3D. This work delivers a new approach for custom microfabrication of 3D photochromic objects with molecularly engineered color and responsiveness.

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Peripheral-photoinhibition-based direct laser writing with isotropic 30 nm feature size using a pseudo 3D hollow focus

Qiu,

Ding,

Zhan

et al. 2024

Optics & Laser Technology

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Fabrication of Waveguides and Other Optical Elements by Multiphoton Lithography

Cited by 4 publications

References 89 publications

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Nano‐3D‐Printed Photochromic Micro‐Objects

Peripheral-photoinhibition-based direct laser writing with isotropic 30 nm feature size using a pseudo 3D hollow focus

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Fabrication of Waveguides and Other Optical Elements by Multiphoton Lithography

Cited by 4 publications

References 89 publications

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Nano‐3D‐Printed Photochromic Micro‐Objects

Peripheral-photoinhibition-based direct laser writing with isotropic 30 nm feature size using a pseudo 3D hollow focus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Peripheral-photoinhibition-based direct laser writing with isotropic 30 nm feature size using a pseudo 3D hollow focus