Fabrication of three-dimensional periodic microstructures by means of two-photon polymerization

Borisov, R.A.; Dorojkina, Galina N.; Koroteev, N. I.; Kozenkov, Vladimir M.; Magnitskii, S. A.; Malakhov, D. V.; Tarasishin, A.V.; Желтиков, А. М.

doi:10.1007/s003400050579

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The optical application of MAP that has received the greatest attention is the fabrication of photonic crystals ( Figure 10). [69,85,[139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146] The creation of these devices requires fabrication of 3D structures with subwavelength features. The ability of MAP to create 3D patterns with completely controllable geometries makes it an attractive approach to the fabrication of photonic crystals.…”

Section: Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiphoton Fabrication

et al. 2007

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Chemical and physical processes driven by multiphoton absorption make possible the fabrication of complex, 3D structures with feature sizes as small as 100 nm. Since its inception less than a decade ago, the field of multiphoton fabrication has progressed rapidly, and multiphoton techniques are now being used to create functional microdevices. In this Review we discuss the techniques and materials used for multiphoton fabrication, the applications that have been demonstrated, as well as those being pursued. We also consider the outlook for this field, both in the laboratory and in industrial settings.

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Section: Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiphoton Fabrication

et al. 2007

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“…MPP was first developed by Strickler and Webb, [62] and has now been used to create a range of high-resolution 3D free-form structures, including microchannels, [63][64][65] cantilevers, [66][67][68] microgears, [69,70] sub-micrometer oscillators, [71] hydrophobic atomic force microscopy tips, [72] and PhCs. [59,67,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] Briefly, MPP utilizes the nonlinear nature of the multiphoton excitation process to only excite dye molecules in a very small volume around the focal point, with dimensions on the order of the resolution limit. These excited dye molecules locally initiate a polymerization.…”

Section: Direct Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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“…Concluding remarks.-Although fabrication of the above "bar-code" structures may prove challenging at visible wavelengths using currently available technologies, future experimental realizations are entirely feasible in the midinfrared to microwave regimes, where complex features can be straightforwardly fabricated in polymers and ceramics with the aid of computerized machining, 3D printing, laser cutting, additive manufacturing, or two-photon lithography [55][56][57]. In particular, the low-index (refractive index ¼ 1.82) design (Fig.…”

Section: Prl 117 107402 (2016) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Spontaneous Emission at Third-Order Dirac Exceptional Points in Inverse-Designed Photonic Crystals

et al. 2016

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We formulate and exploit a computational inverse-design method based on topology optimization to demonstrate photonic crystal structures supporting complex spectral degeneracies. In particular, we discover photonic crystals exhibiting third-order Dirac points formed by the accidental degeneracy of monopolar, dipolar, and quadrupolar modes. We show that, under suitable conditions, these modes can coalesce and form a third-order exceptional point, leading to strong modifications in the spontaneous emission (SE) of emitters, related to the local density of states. We find that SE can be enhanced by a factor of 8 in passive structures, with larger enhancements ∼ ffiffiffiffiffi n 3 p possible at exceptional points of higher order n. [3,4], and as precursors to nontrivial topological effects [5][6][7]. Recent work also showed that Dirac-point degeneracies can give rise to rings of exceptional points [8]. An exceptional point (EP) is a singularity in a non-Hermitian system where two or more eigenvectors and their corresponding complex eigenvalues coalesce, leading to a nondiagonalizable, defective Hamiltonian [9,10]. EPs have been studied in various physical contexts, most notably lasers and atomic as well as molecular systems [11,12]. In recent decades, interest in EPs has been reignited in connection with non-Hermitian parity-time symmetric systems [13], especially optical media involving carefully designed gain and loss profiles [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], where they can lead to intriguing phenomena such as excess noise [21,22], chiral modes [23], directional transport [24,25], and anomalous lasing behavior [26][27][28]. Also recently, it became possible to directly observe EPs in photonic crystals (PhCs) [8] and optoelectronic microcavities [29]. Thus far, however, the main focus of these works has been the effect of second-order exceptional points (EP2s) realized through photonic radiations, where only two modes coalesce; apart from a few mathematical analyses [30][31][32] or works focused on acoustic systems [33], there has been little or no investigation into the design and consequences of EPs of higher order (where more than two modes collapse).In this Letter, we formulate and exploit a powerful inverse-design method, based on topology optimization (TO), to develop complex photonic crystals supporting Dirac points formed out of the accidental degeneracy [34] of modes belonging to different symmetry representations. We show that such higher-order Dirac points can be exploited to create third-order exceptional points (EP3s) along with complex contours of EP2s. Furthermore, we consider possible enhancements and spectral modifications in the spontaneous emission (SE) rate of emitters, showing that the local density of states (LDOS) at an EP3 (14) can be enhanced eightfold (in passive systems) and can exhibit a cubic Lorentzian spectrum under special conditions. More generally, we find enhancement factors ∼ ffiffiffiffiffi n 3 p with increasing EP order n. Although the area of photonic inverse design is not new ...

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Fabrication of three-dimensional periodic microstructures by means of two-photon polymerization

Cited by 57 publications

References 1 publication

Multiphoton Fabrication

Multiphoton Fabrication

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Enhanced Spontaneous Emission at Third-Order Dirac Exceptional Points in Inverse-Designed Photonic Crystals

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