Fabrication of Thermo-Responsive Controllable Shape-Changing Hydrogel

Luo, Yi; Pauer, Werner; Luinstra, Gerrit A.

doi:10.3390/gels8090531

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…A novel triple-network hydrogel possessing good toughness, smart functional behavior of thermoresponsive, and self-healing has been successfully synthesized by a simple one-step polymerization and F-T operation. The prepared triple-network hydrogel exhibits better mechanical properties than the corresponding double-network hydrogel [ 21 ]. The “virgin” thermosensitivity is diminished slightly (water capacity: 87% vs. 84%) and reaches a steady state after a couple of cycles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PVA-MA was synthesized by the method of our previous study [ 21 ]. PVA (15 g) was dissolved in 135 mL of deionized water in a round flask equipped with a condenser at 90 °C by stirring for 1 h. After the solution was cooled to room temperature, 30 mg of hydroquinone, 20 mL of MA, and 7.5 mL of hydrochloric acid (0.5 M) were added to the solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanical robustness of the hydrogel is still apt for improvement in its envisioned application as a thermovalve [ 20 ]. The swelling-deswelling loops show a noticeable change in length [ 21 ]. Much effort is now devoted to prolonging the service life of such a hydrogel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tough, Stretchable, and Thermoresponsive Smart Hydrogels

Luo,

Pauer,

Luinstra

2023

Gels

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Self-healing, thermoresponsive hydrogels with a triple network (TN) were obtained by copolymerizing N-isopropyl acryl amide (NiPAAm) with polyvinyl alkohol (PVA) functionalized with methacrylic acid and N,N′-methylene bis(acryl amide) crosslinker in the presence of low amounts (<1 wt.%) of tannic acid (TA). The final gels were obtained by crystalizing the PVA in a freeze-thaw procedure. XRD, DCS, and SEM imaging indicate that the crystallinity is lower and the size of the PVA crystals is smaller at higher TA concentrations. A gel with 0.5 wt.% TA has an elongation at a break of 880% at a tension of 1.39 MPa. It has the best self-healing efficiency of 81% after cutting and losing the chemical network. Step-sweep strain experiments show that the gel has thixotropic properties, which are related to the TA/PVA part of the triple network. The low amount of TA leaves the gel with good thermal responsiveness (equilibrium swelling ratio of 13.3). Swelling-deswelling loop tests show enhanced dimensional robustness of the hydrogel, with a substantial constancy after two cycles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tough, Stretchable, and Thermoresponsive Smart Hydrogels

Luo,

Pauer,

Luinstra

2023

Gels

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“…A combination of PNIPAM and PVA was chosen to enhance mechanical properties, particularly fracture toughness, of hydrogels [113]. PVA, known for forming nanocrystalline domains, offers the potential for DN alongside PNIPAm.…”

Section: Temperature-responsive Acrylamide-based Dn Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responsive Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Structures

Hanyková,

Šťastná,

Krakovský

2024

Gels

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Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic homopolymer or copolymer networks, have structures similar to natural living tissues, making them ideal for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensors. Since Wichterle and Lim first synthesized hydrogels in 1960, extensive research has led to various types with unique features. Responsive hydrogels, which undergo reversible structural changes when exposed to stimuli like temperature, pH, or specific molecules, are particularly promising. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels, which mimic biological processes, are the most studied, with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) being prominent due to its lower critical solution temperature of around 32 °C. Additionally, pH-responsive hydrogels, composed of polyelectrolytes, change their structure in response to pH variations. Despite their potential, conventional hydrogels often lack mechanical strength. The double-network (DN) hydrogel approach, introduced by Gong in 2003, significantly enhanced mechanical properties, leading to innovations like shape-deformable DN hydrogels, organic/inorganic composites, and flexible display devices. These advancements highlight the potential of hydrogels in diverse fields requiring precise and adaptable material performance. In this review, we focus on advancements in the field of responsive acrylamide-based hydrogels with IPN structures, emphasizing the recent research on DN hydrogels.

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“…Nowadays, hydrogel actuators [1][2][3] have great development and potential applications in artificial muscle [4], grippers [5], soft robots [6], etc., on account of the soft and biocompatibility of the hydrogel. The hydrogel actuator can respond to single/multiple Gels 2023, 9, 428 2 of 17 stimulus such as pH [7,8], ionic strength [9,10], temperature [11][12][13], light [14,15], electricity [16] and magnetism [17]. The multiple stimuli-responsive [6] ability enables actuators more extensive applications, while the simple deformation behaviors can limit the development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymer/pH-Responsive Hydrogel Hybrid for Bi-Function Synergistic Actuations

Peng

Cao

Sun

et al. 2023

Gels

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Stimuli-responsive actuating hydrogels response to the external stimulus with complex deformation behaviors based on the programmable anisotropic structure design are one of the most important smart soft materials, which have great potential applications in artificial muscles, smart values, and mini-robots. However, the anisotropic structure of one actuating hydrogel can only be programmed one time, which can only provide single actuating performance, and subsequently, has severely limited their further applications. Herein, we have explored a novel SMP/hydrogel hybrid actuator through combining polyurethane shape memory polymer (PU SMP) layer and pH-responsive polyacrylic-acid (PAA) hydrogel layer by a napkin with UV-adhesive. Owing to both the super-hydrophilicity and super-lipophilicity of the cellulose-fiber based napkin, the SMP and the hydrogel can be bonded firmly by the UV-adhesive in the napkin. More importantly, this bilayer hybrid 2D sheet can be programmed by designing a different temporary shape in heat water which can be fixed easily in cool water to achieve various fixed shapes. This hybrid with a fixed temporary shape can achieve complex actuating performance based on the bi-functional synergy of temperature-triggered SMP and pH-responsive hydrogel. The relatively high modulus PU SMP achieved high to 87.19% and 88.92% shape-fixing ratio, respectively, correspond to bending and folding shapes. The hybrid actuator can actuate with the 25.71 °/min actuating speed. Most importantly, one SMP/hydrogel bi-layer hybrid sheet was repeatedly programmed at least nine times in our research to fix various temporary 1D, 2D and 3D shapes, including bending, folding and spiraling shapes. As a result, only one SMP/hydrogel hybrid can provide various complex stimuli-responsive actuations, including the reversable bending-straightening, spiraling-unspiraling. A few of the intelligent devices have been designed to simulate the movement of the natural organisms, such as bio-mimetic “paw”, “pangolin” and “octopus”. This work has developed a new SMP/hydrogel hybrid with excellent multi-repeatable (≥9 times) programmability for high-level complex actuations, including the 1D to 2D bending and the 2D to 3D spiraling actuations, which also provides a new strategy to design other new soft intelligent materials and systems.

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Fabrication of Thermo-Responsive Controllable Shape-Changing Hydrogel

Cited by 4 publications

References 44 publications

Tough, Stretchable, and Thermoresponsive Smart Hydrogels

Tough, Stretchable, and Thermoresponsive Smart Hydrogels

Responsive Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Advances in Interpenetrating Polymer Structures

Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymer/pH-Responsive Hydrogel Hybrid for Bi-Function Synergistic Actuations

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