Fabrication of reverse‐osmosis membranes for the desalination of underground water via the γ‐radiation grafting of acrylic acid onto polyethylene films

Abstract

Research has been devoted to the desalination of saline water to fresh water suitable for human demands because of the shortage of water in some countries. Therefore, in this study, reverse-osmosis membranes were prepared via the g-radiation graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto high-density and low-density polyethylene. The factors that could affect the grafting process, such as the solvent type, monomer and inhibitor concentration, and irradiation dose, were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for radiation grafting. The polyethylene grafted acrylic acid copolymers (PAAc-g-PE) graft copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical, rheological, and thermal property testing to illustrate the possibility of practical use in water desalination. The prepared grafted membranes showed significant results in the reverse-osmosis desalination method with underground saline water. The factors affecting the desalination of water, such as the water flux, operation time, and grafting percentage, were studied.

Green preparation of silver nanocluster composite AgNCs@CF-g-PAA and its application: 4-NP catalytic reduction and hydrogen production

“…Radiation technique is often used for radiation modification of polymer materials because of its simple experimental conditions, mild reaction and easy control. 27 Considering the non-selective nature of gamma-ray interactions, 27 radiation grafting techniques allow the grafting of vinyl monomers onto a variety of polymer substrates without the need for initiators and specific functional groups. 28 Cotton fiber material is one of the matrix materials commonly used for radiation modification.…”

Modification of High‐Density Polyethylene through the Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate Using RAFT Technique and Preparation of Its Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites**

“…[12][13][14][15] The grafting process can be achieved using different strategies, including free-radical initiators, ionizing radiation (electron beam, γ-ray, and X-ray) and, UV radiation. [16][17][18][19] The significant problems of these procedures are consist of: little control over the graft operations onto PE backbone, the wide dispensation of molecular weight, a long-lasting modification effect, difficulties in achieving uniform modification, chain depression of PE backbone during the organization of free radical polymerization places, as well as the attendance of it's as a significant of homopolymer in the production. [20][21][22] For many years, many scholars have the intention to apply reversible impoverished radical polymerization (RIRP) for the synthesis of HDPE-based nanocomposite with well-explanatory structures.…”

“…Another affections and versatile approach for surface modification of PE are the grafting of other polymers onto the PE backbone [12–15] . The grafting process can be achieved using different strategies, including free‐radical initiators, ionizing radiation (electron beam, γ‐ray, and X‐ray) and, UV radiation [16–19] . The significant problems of these procedures are consist of: little control over the graft operations onto PE backbone, the wide dispensation of molecular weight, a long‐lasting modification effect, difficulties in achieving uniform modification, chain depression of PE backbone during the organization of free radical polymerization places, as well as the attendance of it's as a significant of homopolymer in the production [20–22] .…”

Synthesis and Some Physico‐Chemical Properties of Novel Starch‐g‐poly(citronellyl acrylate) Copolymers

“…In addition, the graft copolymers of synthetic polymers such as (poly(chloroethyl vinyl ether)‐g‐polystyrene)comb‐b‐(poly(chloropyran ethoxy vinyl ether)‐g‐polyisoprene)comb, (meth)acrylate copolymer grafted with long fluorinated side chain, Nylon 6‐g‐poly(acrylic acid), polyethylene‐g‐poly(acrylic acid), polyaniline‐g‐(sulfonated polyurethane), poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidinone‐g‐styrene), etc. are also reported . Depending on the chemical structure of reagents, more hydrophobic or more hydrophilic type graft copolymers than initial polymeric materials can be prepared …”