“…However, the slow rate of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics requires prolonged catalysis at the cathode, limiting the efficiency of PEMFCs and AFCs [3,4]. Despite their high cost and low natural abundance, precious metals like Ru-, Pd-and Pt-based materials are employed as catalysts to accelerate ORR [5][6][7] and are considered efficient catalysts for alkaline environment [8,9]. Also, the design of two electron process plays an important role in catalyst development, and has attracted significant attention [10,11].…”