Fabrication of polymer carbon nitride with organic monomer for effective photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Ullah, Azeem; Khan, Javid; Sohail, Muhammad; Hayat, Asif; Zhao, Ting; Ullah, Bakhtar; Khan, Muhammad Saleem; Uddin, Ikram; Ullah, Saif; Ullah, Rooh; Rehman, Ata Ur; Khan, Wasim Ullah

doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112764

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Wastewater, mostly produced by industry is carcinogenic and harmful to human consumption and aquatic life. Adsorption, incineration, chemical and biological degradation are used to treat these toxic substances as remedial reactions 1–4 . For environmental health, sensing and biomedical applications, photoreactions seem to be a safe option.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Homogeneous iron‐doped carbon‐nitride‐based organo‐catalysts for sensational photocatalytic performance driven by visible light

Arif

Uddin

Hayat

et al. 2021

Polymer International

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In this study, Fe2O3/graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) composites were fabricated using a simple calcination method. Iron chloride and urea were used as starting precursors for preparation of heterojunction composites (Fe2O3/g‐CN) by a quick stirring and calcination method. A sequence of Fe2O3/g‐CN composites were obtained by putting a specific amount of Fe2O3 on the surface of g‐CN at varied temperature (400, 450 and 500 °C). We accomplished a combined analysis using x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), elemental analysis spectra (EAS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and photoluminescence spectra (Pl) of resulting samples. Our findings demonstrate that Fe/CNx composites demonstrating a significant improvement in the separation of photogenerated carriers and hole formation, leading towards momentous photocatalytic activity. For the first time, the as‐synthesized composites were used for hydrogen production (water reduction) and methylene blue photodegradation under visible light illumination (λ = 420 nm). The superior sample Fe/CN450 exhibits an exceptional photocatalytic efficiency in both electron generation (hydrogen evolution rate) and hole formation (photodegradation) with a rate of 91.1% at 180 min. Along with this, Fe/CN450 has excellent photochemical stability in hydrogen evolution and pollutant removal. The potential photocatalytic mechanism of Fe/CN450 composite is compared with experimental results to characterize the photocatalytic phenomenon as a whole. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…melamine or urea etc.) 1,22,23,25 . Doping of low band gap g‐CN semiconductor increase the capacity of light absorption and promote the charge separation efficiency by offering alternative band structures 18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogeneous iron‐doped carbon‐nitride‐based organo‐catalysts for sensational photocatalytic performance driven by visible light

Arif

Uddin

Hayat

et al. 2021

Polymer International

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“…[13,14] To address, polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has attracted much more attention due to its 2D metallic-free structures composed of carbon and nitrogen through sp 2 hybridization. [15] This PCN semiconductor has a surprisingly narrow bandgap of 2.7 eV, cheap, more availability, and activity under visible light, leading to an appropriate band position and extreme chemical stability. [16] It can prepare by simple thermal condensation of nitrogen-rich precursors, including urea, ammonium thiocyanate, and thiourea, which are nonexpensive and abundantly in nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Conjugation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic CO₂ Conversion and H₂ Fixation

et al. 2021

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The systematic alteration of a carbon nitride unit (CNU) for visible light photocatalytic water splitting is a promising research subject owing to the increasingly serious energy and environmental complications. Herein, the conjugated monomer 3,6‐dibromopyridazine (DBP) is integrated within polymeric carbon nitride (PCN named as CNU = carbon nitride containing urea precursor) via thermal condensation, which is designated as CNU‐DBP. These samples are used for the first time in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 reduction and hydrogen (H2) evolution through water splitting. Such integration intimidates the electron density, promoting charge transfer separation and elevating the photocatalytic activity of CNU under visible light illumination. The superior sample such as CNU‐DBP9.0 after 4 h of photooxidation generates 65.7 μmol of CO and 17.3 μmol of H2 of the reaction system, emphasizing the highest photocatalytic activity. The H2 evolution rate (HER) for pristine CNU is found as 11.9 μmol h−1, whereas for CNU‐DBP9.0 it is estimated at 178.2 μmol h−1 with 15 times greater activity. This process predicts a significant diversion in the specific area, bandgap, and chemical composition and promotes the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers from the ground state to the excited state of CNU, thereby considering it a best candidate for the photoreduction of CO2 source and water splitting into H2.

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“…Inspired through the Schiff base process that is used to expand the π-conjugation and electronic hierarchies of CN polymers, respectively. 33,36,44 Herein, we employed the organic monomer 2,6-diaminoantandantquinone (DQ) as a modifier within the framework of CN through the process of copolymerization. DQ is an exceptional aromatic electron ligand monomer made up of a cross-linked Quinone ring that has been intensely explored and has improved the optical and electrical ductility of CN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A molecular amalgamation of carbon nitride polymer as emphasized photocatalytic performance

et al. 2021

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Fabrication of polymer carbon nitride with organic monomer for effective photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Cited by 43 publications

References 55 publications

Homogeneous iron‐doped carbon‐nitride‐based organo‐catalysts for sensational photocatalytic performance driven by visible light

Homogeneous iron‐doped carbon‐nitride‐based organo‐catalysts for sensational photocatalytic performance driven by visible light

Organic Conjugation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic CO₂ Conversion and H₂ Fixation

A molecular amalgamation of carbon nitride polymer as emphasized photocatalytic performance

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Fabrication of polymer carbon nitride with organic monomer for effective photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Cited by 43 publications

References 55 publications

Homogeneous iron‐doped carbon‐nitride‐based organo‐catalysts for sensational photocatalytic performance driven by visible light

Homogeneous iron‐doped carbon‐nitride‐based organo‐catalysts for sensational photocatalytic performance driven by visible light

Organic Conjugation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion and H2 Fixation

A molecular amalgamation of carbon nitride polymer as emphasized photocatalytic performance

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Product

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Organic Conjugation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic CO₂ Conversion and H₂ Fixation