“…[16][17][18][19][20][21] There has been active research on creating porous structures from synthetic polymers [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] and biologically derivatized macromolecules such as collagen 35,36 and gelatin 37 to serve as scaffolding. For example, fibrous nonwoven fabrics made of synthetic polymers such as poly(L-lactic acid) 28,38,39 and SPU, [40][41][42] and open-cell structured porous foams, which are fabricated by a particle-leaching technique, 25,43,44 phase inversion technique, 33,45,46 or freeze-drying technique, [47][48][49][50] have been used as microporous scaffolds. On the other hand, the fibular structure of collagen lattices has been used with tissue-engineered devices such as hybrid vessels, 51-56 hybrid skins, [57][58][59] and hybrid livers.…”