Fabrication of perovskite lead magnesium niobate

Swartz, S. L.; Shrout, Thomas R.

doi:10.1016/0025-5408(82)90159-3

Cited by 1,527 publications

(611 citation statements)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, several attempts have been made to eliminate the pyrochlore in the PMN structure. The Columbite method introduced by Swartz and Shrout, addition of excess MgO to promote the perovskite formation, and excess PbO addition to compensate lead oxide evaporation during calcination are the commonly used techniques to prevent pyrochlore formation [3][4][5].Among others, the sol-gel method offers several advantages for the preparation of ceramic oxides. This method provides high degree of homogeneity and stoichiometry especially for multicomponent systems in addition to allowing doping on a molecular scale.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Şakar‐Deliormanlı

Çelik

Polat

2007

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the rare earth element neodymium on the phase formation and microstructural development of relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate, Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN) system. Perovskite phase PMN powders were prepared using the sol-gel method and the effect of neodymium doping was investigated at different doping levels ranging from 0.1 mol% to 30 mol%. The precursors employed in the sol-gel process were lead (II) acetate, magnesium ethoxide, and niobium (V) ethoxide. All the experiments were performed at room temperature while the calcination temperatures ranged between 800°C and 1,100°C. Results showed that it was possible to obtain the pure perovskite phase at 950°C using the sol-gel method. Nd +3 addition influenced the phase formation and microstructure of the multicomponent system. Pyrochlore was detected along with the perovskite phase above 10 mol% Nd. Results also demonstrated that grain size of the synthesized powders depended on the Nd +3 concentration. IntroductionLead magnesium niobate (PMN) is a relaxor ferroelectric material that is characterized by a diffuse phase transition over a broad temperature range and a frequency dependent maximum in its relative dielectric permittivity. It demonstrates very high dielectric constant around -10 to -5°C [1]. It has many potential applications such as multilayer ceramic capacitors, actuators and electro-optic devices [2].In the processing of PMN ceramics, synthesis of pure perovskite phase is crucial, the most important problem being the formation of pyrochlore phase which degrades the electrical properties. Previously, several attempts have been made to eliminate the pyrochlore in the PMN structure. The Columbite method introduced by Swartz and Shrout, addition of excess MgO to promote the perovskite formation, and excess PbO addition to compensate lead oxide evaporation during calcination are the commonly used techniques to prevent pyrochlore formation [3][4][5].Among others, the sol-gel method offers several advantages for the preparation of ceramic oxides. This method provides high degree of homogeneity and stoichiometry especially for multicomponent systems in addition to allowing doping on a molecular scale. Hence, there is considerable interest in the preparation of PMN ceramics using sol-gel method [6][7][8][9][10][11].The phase formation and electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics can be modified by use of dopants. Effects of rare earth elements (RE) doping on the phase formation and electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics such as barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate are well studied [12][13][14][15]. The effect of RE addition on the PMN system has also been studied in the literature to a degree. Zhong et al. [16] studied the effects of adding a fixed amount of rare earth additives on the microstructure and dielectric properties of PMN-PT ceramics. Their results showed that doping of neodymium (Nd +3 ) resulted in a slight decrease in the grain size and a lowering...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Şakar‐Deliormanlı

Çelik

Polat

2007

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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“…A synthesis route, named columbite method [7], was proposed to reduce the pyrochlore phase to a minimum level in PMN powders. In this methodology, MgO and Nb 2 O 5 are initially made to react to obtain the MgNb 2 O 6 precursor, and in sequence, it will react with a stoichiometric amount of PbO to obtain PMN powders with a great amount of the perovskite phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of PbO excess on the formation of lead magnesium niobate perovskite by the columbite method

Cavalheiro

Barrionuevo

Bruno

et al. 2004

Materials Chemistry and Physics

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The effect of lead excess on the pyrochlore-type formation in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN) powders has been investigated. The polymeric precursor method was used in the synthesis of the columbite in association to the partial oxalate method to synthesize the PMN powder samples. Structure refinement of the columbite precursor and PMN powders was carried out using the Rietveld method. The quantitative phase analysis showed that the amount of perovskite phase is not affected by PbO excess, but a great excess drives the pyrochlore-type formation so that 3 wt.% of PbO causes the predominance of Mg-containing pyrochlore phase. Using the refined data obtained from the Rietveld refinement, the compositional fluctuation in the perovskite phase was calculated from Nb/Mg ratio values and Pb occupation factor. Mg inclusion occurs concomitant with Pb one into PMN perovskite phase and this effect is directed by PbO excess during powder synthesis.

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“…13 Stoichiometric quantities of predried oxides of the B-site metals were mixed in an agate mortar for 10 min and then calcined at 1100°C for 6 h. The resultant calcine was ball-milled in a polyethylene jar for 3 h using yttria-stabilized zirconia balls and acetone as a milling medium. After drying and recalcining, the slurry at 1100°C for 12 h, stoichiometric amounts of lead oxide were added and mixed in an agate mortar.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Cation Order on the Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–Pb(Sc_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃ (PMN‐PSN) Relaxor Ferroelectrics

Farber

Davies

2003

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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The effect of the B‐site cation chemistry and ordering on the dielectric properties of solid solutions in the (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PMN‐PSN) perovskite system was examined in samples with 0.1 ≤x≤ 0.9. Thermal annealing treatments were effective in inducing long‐range B‐site order in the samples within this compositional range. The well‐ordered, large chemical domain ceramics exhibit relaxor behavior up to x=∼0.5; for higher values of x, normal ferroelectric behavior was observed. For x≤ 0.5 reductions in the chemical domain, size had no significant effect on the weak‐field dielectric properties, but induced a transition to relaxor behavior for x > ∼0.6. The disordered PSN‐rich samples undergo a spontaneous zero‐field relaxor to ferroelectric transition similar to that reported previously for PSN. The field‐dependent properties of compositions lying closest to the relaxor to ferroelectric crossover exhibited the highest sensitivity to alterations in the chemical order. The properties of this system are consistent with a “random site” description of the 1:1 ordered Pb(β′1/2β1/2)O3 structure with β′= (Mg(2−2x)/3Nb(1−x)/3Scx) and β″= Nb.

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Fabrication of perovskite lead magnesium niobate

Cited by 1,527 publications

References 4 publications

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Effect of PbO excess on the formation of lead magnesium niobate perovskite by the columbite method

Influence of Cation Order on the Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–Pb(Sc_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃ (PMN‐PSN) Relaxor Ferroelectrics

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Fabrication of perovskite lead magnesium niobate

Cited by 1,527 publications

References 4 publications

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Effect of PbO excess on the formation of lead magnesium niobate perovskite by the columbite method

Influence of Cation Order on the Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PMN‐PSN) Relaxor Ferroelectrics

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Influence of Cation Order on the Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–Pb(Sc_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃ (PMN‐PSN) Relaxor Ferroelectrics