Fabrication of paper microfluidic devices using a toner laser printer

Ng, James S.; Hashimoto, Michinao

doi:10.1039/d0ra04301j

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Table summarizes fabrication strategies for PADs with their respective advantages and drawbacks. Hydrophobic barriers can be patterned via photolithography, , wax printing, , screen-printing, − inkjet printing, , laser toner printing, , flexographic printing, PDMS printing, stamping, − wax dipping, drawing, , inkjet etching, wet etching, plasma treatment, − hand-held corona treatment, spraying, , and vapor-phase deposition. − Wax printing has been the most popular due to the low-cost patterning material and mass production-suitable printing technology. However, the printer was discontinued by the manufacturer in 2017, and no other wax printers are currently available on the market .…”

Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an alternative to the solid wax printer, desktop inkjet and laser toner printers can be utilized to print hydrophobic materials onto paper substrates. − Various ink materials, such as alkenyl ketene dimer (AKD), methylsilsesquioxane, and UV curable acrylates, have been used for inkjet printing PADs. , AKD is among the cheapest patterning agents as this material is widely used in the papermaking industry for paper sizing, making it a great choice for mass-producing PADs . The customizable ink used for inkjet printing also enables the fabrication of organic solvent-resistant PADs using silicon resin and hydrophobic sol–gel-derived methylsilsesquioxane. , Printing using a laser toner printer is much faster than inkjet printing, which is excellent for high volume fabrication.…”

Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices: From Design to Applications

et al. 2021

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Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have garnered significant interest as a promising analytical platform in the past decade. Compared with traditional microfluidics, μPADs present unique advantages, such as easy fabrication using established patterning methods, economical cost, ability to drive and manipulate flow without equipment, and capability of storing reagents for various applications. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the field, highlighting fabrication methods available to date with their respective advantages and drawbacks, device designs and modifications to accommodate different assay needs, detection strategies, and the growing applications of μPADs. Finally, we discuss how the field needs to continue moving forward to realize its full potential.

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Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices: From Design to Applications

et al. 2021

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“…Fabrication of PAD was initially demonstrated via photolithography [ 16 ]. Over the past decade, alternative technologies were developed, including wax printing [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], inkjet printing [ 27 , 28 ], screen printing [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], and laser printing [ 33 , 34 ]. All of these approaches are based on the 2D patterning of materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-PAD: Paper-Based Analytical Devices with Integrated Three-Dimensional Features

Hashimoto

2021

Biosensors

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This paper describes the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing to fabricate paper-based analytical devices (PAD) with three-dimensional (3D) features, which is termed as 3D-PAD. Material depositions followed by heat reflow is a standard approach for the fabrication of PAD. Such devices are primarily two-dimensional (2D) and can hold only a limited amount of liquid samples in the device. This constraint can pose problems when the sample consists of organic solvents that have low interfacial energies with the hydrophobic barriers. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method to fabricate PAD integrated with 3D features (vertical walls as an example) by FDM 3D printing. 3D-PADs were fabricated using two types of thermoplastics. One thermoplastic had a low melting point that formed hydrophobic barriers upon penetration, and another thermoplastic had a high melting point that maintained 3D features on the filter paper without reflowing. We used polycaprolactone (PCL) for the former, and polylactic acid (PLA) for the latter. Both PCL and PLA were printed with FDM without gaps at the interface, and the resulting paper-based devices possessed hydrophobic barriers consisting of PCL seamlessly integrated with vertical features consisting of PLA. We validated the capability of 3D-PAD to hold 30 μL of solvents (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone), all of which would not be retained on conventional PADs fabricated with solid wax printers. To highlight the importance of containing an increased amount of liquid samples, a colorimetric assay for the formation of dimethylglyoxime (DMG)-Ni (II) was demonstrated using two volumes (10 μL and 30 μL) of solvent-based dimethylglyoxime (DMG). FDM printing of 3D-PAD enabled the facile construction of 3D structures integrated with PAD, which would find applications in paper-based chemical and biological assays requiring organic solvents.

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“…The commercially available microwell plates have been great platforms for chemical and biochemical assays due to their easy integration with scanners, smartphones or digital cameras. Various fabrication methods for downscaling chemical analysis platforms have been reported, including microzone plates, 35,37,38 spot test arrays, 39,40 and microuidic based devices, [41][42][43][44][45][46] aiming to lower sample and reagent volumes, to help in minimizing wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%