Fabrication of Nano- and Micron- Sized  Spheres of CL-20 by Electrospray

Yan, Shi; Li, Mengyao; Sun, Lu; Jiao, Qingze; Huang, Ronghui

doi:10.22211/cejem/100682

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…However, when the applied voltage was decreased to 4.5 kV or lower, a certain content of hollow spheres (~4 μm) composed of multiple crystals appeared due to the lower surface charge and less Coulomb fission. Similar structures, 200~400 nm spheres of LLM-105 [ 26 ] composed of ~50 nm particles ( Figure 2 c) and microsized hollow spheres of CL-20 [ 27 ] aggregated by smaller particles, were also observed, as shown in Figure 2 d. When the ethyl acetate was replaced with acetone, single crystals of CL-20 only ~180 nm long were produced. The unique complex structure composed of multiple crystals can be maintained for at least 6 months under atmosphere, without obvious particle growth induced by Ostwald ripening or aggregation [ 26 ].…”

Section: Particles (0d Ems)supporting

confidence: 53%

“…Peaks with lower intensities and broader widths were found in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of electrosprayed LLM-105, implying the presence of crystal imperfections; these peaks were not observed in the pattern of raw LLM-105. The β-phase of electrosprayed CL-20 [ 27 , 28 ], preferentially formed because it had the lowest lattice energy, and there was not enough time for it to transform into the ε-phase, which is the most strong and stable phase.…”

Section: Particles (0d Ems)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 26 ]. Copyright 2018 Copyright John Wiley and Sons, and ( d ) electrosprayed CL-20 hollow microsphere consisting of numbers nanoparticles from ethyl acetate [ 27 ]. ( e ) Possible mechanisms in electrospray cocrystallization: heterogeneously nucleation leads to encapsulation (mechanism E1), while low affinity leads to no real encapsulation (mechanism E2).…”

Section: Particles (0d Ems)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Preparation of Energetic Materials with Controlled Microstructures

Zhang

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Constructing ingenious microstructures, such as core–shell, laminate, microcapsule and porous microstructures, is an efficient strategy for tuning the combustion behaviors and thermal stability of energetic materials (EMs). Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), which includes electrospray and electrospinning, is a facile and versatile technique that can be used to process bulk materials into particles, fibers, films and three-dimensional (3D) structures with nanoscale feature sizes. However, the application of EHDA in preparing EMs is still in its initial development. This review summarizes the progress of research on EMs prepared by EHDA over the last decade. The morphology and internal structure of the produced materials can be easily altered by varying the operation and precursor parameters. The prepared EMs composed of zero-dimensional (0D) particles, one-dimensional (1D) fibers and two-dimensional (2D) films possess precise microstructures with large surface areas, uniformly dispersed components and narrow size distributions and show superior energy release rates and combustion performances. We also explore the reasons why the fabrication of 3D EM structures by EHDA is still lacking. Finally, we discuss development challenges that impede this field from moving out of the laboratory and into practical application.

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Section: Particles (0d Ems)supporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Particles (0d Ems)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particles (0d Ems)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Preparation of Energetic Materials with Controlled Microstructures

Zhang

et al. 2022

Molecules

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“…Other researchers have confirmed that the raw ε-CL-20 would convert into a βphase due to the ultrafast evaporation and insufficient recrystallization in similar electrospray processes. 26,29,30 However, in this study, the phase of CL-20 after electrospray cannot be concluded with no valid characteristic peaks under the interference of the same quantity of NC. 32 The total weight loss of Al/CuO(UM) is nearly negligible, only 1.8%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…After fast evaporation of solvents during flight to substrate, the diameter of deposited particles ( D p ) can be predicted by eqs and where w is the mass fraction of the solute, ρ p is the solid material density, and C is the precursor concentration. It should be noted that the solubility of CL-20 and nitrocellulose (NC) in different solvents would affect the process of recrystallization or dissolution, leading to crystal changes or broadening of particle size distribution. So, changing the solvent system not only easily adjusts the diameter but also controls the microstructures of deposited HEMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembling Hybrid Energetic Materials with Controllable Interfacial Microstructures by Electrospray

Zhang

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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Constructing hybrid energetic materials (HEMs) consisting of nanothermites and organic high explosives is an efficient strategy to regulate the reactivity of energetic composites. To investigate the role of interfacial microstructures in determining the reactivity of HEMs, we employ electrospray, one ramification of electrohydrodynamic atomization, to assemble Al/CuO and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) into composites with various morphologies from different solvent systems. The morphology and compositional information of the assembled clay-like or granular HEMs, which are obtained from ketone, ester, or mixtures of alcohol and ether, are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The phase transition of CL-20 due to the fast evaporation of charged droplets and insufficient time for recrystallization is studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) is applied to investigate the thermodynamic behaviors and synergistic effect of the nanothermite and high explosive. Enhancements in combustion performance and pressurization characteristics of the as-sprayed HEMs have been observed through open burn tests and pressure cell tests. Granular HEMs show high gas generation and high pressurization rate, while nitrocellulose (NC) fibers existing in the clay-like HEMs would weaken the reactivity to a certain extent. HEMs obtained from the mixture of n-propanol and diethyl ether, in which nano-CL-20 exists as independent particles rather than a matrix, exhibit high gas generation but low pressurization rate. The results indicate that the energy releasing performance of the prepared HEMs can be readily regulated by constructing various interfacial microstructures to satisfy the broad requirements of energy sources.

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Cyclic Nitramines as Nanoenergetic Organic Materials

Larin¹,

Ферштат²

2023

Nano and Micro‐Scale Energetic Materials

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Fabrication of Nano- and Micron- Sized Spheres of CL-20 by Electrospray

Abstract: Article is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license CC BY-NC-ND 3.0.

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Progress in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Preparation of Energetic Materials with Controlled Microstructures

Progress in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Preparation of Energetic Materials with Controlled Microstructures

Assembling Hybrid Energetic Materials with Controllable Interfacial Microstructures by Electrospray

Cyclic Nitramines as Nanoenergetic Organic Materials

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