Fabrication of multilayer films of viologen on a glassy carbon electrode by bottom-up layer-by-layer assembly

Modification of glassy carbon electrode by the electrochemical oxidation of 3‐aminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole in nonaqueous media

“…[13,14] The amount and the distribution of such surface oxides will largely change the hydrophilicity of the GC electrode surface, which enables the pyrrolic β-carbon being attached to the surface resulting an etheric bond (Scheme 2). Since the modification is conducted in acetonitrile containing 0.1 M (Bu) 4 N + BF 4 − , coordination of calix [4]pyrrole ring with BF 4 − anions is very likely and this moiety might incorporate the peripheral aminobenzene NH group into the complex through hydrogen bonding, in the case of 3APCP which has an aminophenyl substituent.…”

Electroreduction of Viologen Phenyl Diazonium Salts as a Strategy To Control Viologen Coverage on Electrodes

“…Unfortunately, the exploitation of viologens for these applications was hampered by difficulties in fabricating an environmentally stable viologen layer at a nano- or micrometer scale onto an electrode. The strategies developed for the preparation of viologen-functionalized electrodes can be generally divided into at least four classes: physical adsorption using anchoring groups (e.g., −PO 3 H 2 , −Si­(OC 2 H 3 ) 3 , −SH, and cucurbits) − or by electrostatic interactions; electrodeposition of viologen-containing conjugated oligomer blocks, for example, thiophene , and pyrrole; , polymerization of vinyl-containing viologens; and self-assembling via either Langmuir–Blodgett or bottom–up methods. − However, still there is a lack of one-step procedures for electrode modification with viologens using a covalently attaching method in a controllable way.…”

Double Layer Effects at a GC Electrode Modified with Zirconium Phosphonylethylviologen Monolayer

“…Recently, we have demonstrated that a stable, multilayered viologen molecular film of high packing density can be constructed on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface by alternative immersion of an electrochemicallypretreated GC substrate in a solution containing bis(2phosphonylethyl)-4, 4'-bipyridinium dication (PEV 2+ ) or zirconium oxychloride (ZrCl 2 O), respectively. 1 It is well known that the redox potential of the surface-confined electroactive species often shows a shift depending on the nature of the electrolyte ions. It has been ascribed to the ion-pairing phenomena between the charged redox centers and the counter ion.…”

“…Bis(2-phosphonylethyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (PEVCl 2 ) was synthesized following the method described in ref. 1. The PEV/Zr/GC electrode was prepared as follows: an electrochemically-pretreated GC electrode was first immersed in aqueous 20 mM ZrCl 2 O solution for 30 min at room temperature and then rinsed with pure water.…”