In recent years, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted considerable attention because it includes
earth-abundant carbon and nitrogen elements and exhibits good chemical
and thermal stability owing to the strong covalent interaction in
its conjugated layer structure. However, bulk g-C3N4 has some disadvantages of low specific surface area, poor
light absorption, rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,
and insufficient active sites, which hinder its practical applications.
In this study, we design and synthesize potassium single-atom (K SAs)-doped
g-C3N4 porous nanosheets (CM-KX,
where X represents the mass of KHP added) via supramolecular self-assembling
and chemical cross-linking copolymerization strategies. The results
show that the utilization of supramolecules as precursors can produce
g-C3N4 nanosheets with reduced thickness, increased
surface area, and abundant mesopores. In addition, the intercalation
of K atoms within the g-C3N4 nitrogen pots through
the formation of K–N bonds results in the reduction of the
band gap and expansion of the visible-light absorption range. The
optimized K-doped CM-K12 nanosheets achieve a specific
surface area of 127 m2 g–1, which is
11.4 times larger than that of the pristine g-C3N4 nanosheets. Furthermore, the optimal CM-K12 sample exhibits
the maximum H2 production rate of 127.78 μmol h–1 under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm), which
is nearly 23 times higher than that of bare g-C3N4. This significant improvement of photocatalytic activity is attributed
to the synergistic effects of the mesoporous structure and K SAs doping,
which effectively increase the specific surface area, improve the
visible-light absorption capacity, and facilitate the separation and
transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Besides, the
optimal sample shows good chemical stability for 20 h in the recycling
experiments. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the
introduction of K SAs significantly boosts the adsorption energy for
water and decreases the activation energy barrier for the reduction
of water to hydrogen.