Fabrication of micro/nano spherulitic hierarchical energetic materials via noncrystallographic branching induced by polymer additives: A case study of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS)

Regulating the spherulitic evolution of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one via controlled supersaturation in cooling crystallization: growth mechanism and morphological consequences

“…In the preparation of spherulites, high supersaturation is a necessary condition for the formation of spherulites. For example, nitroguanidine (NQ) 15 can be made into spherulites by controlling the degree of supersaturation, 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) 16 can be made into spherulites by greatly increasing the supersaturation through the coupling of fast cooling and antisolvent crystallization. And spherical crystals can be prepared by solvent–antisolvent crystallization of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105), 17 cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), 13 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF), 18 and so on, etc.…”

Microfluidic Crystallization for Screening of Spherical Particles of Pyraclostrobin

“…The generation and migration of these defects engender fresh stress origins, establishing the conditions conducive to an autocatalytic proliferation of noncrystallographic branching . As time progresses, this intricate cascade of events culminates in the progressive enlargement of spherical crystals . Based on observations of spherulite growth, pyraclostrobin initially formed rod-shaped crystals.…”

“…The introduction of dislocations in crystals, facilitated by the adhesion between 2-propanol and oil droplets, acts as the impetus for branching growth. New branches tend to organize at rough locations, such as intersections of existing branches, eventually forming radial polycrystalline agglomerates . In contrast, as the stirring rate increases, the oil droplets are dispersed in the continuous phase in reduced dimensions, which increases the nucleation sites and inhibits the growth of pyraclostrobin.…”

“…8 Moreover, oiling-out crystallization holds potential for creating spherulites 9 that exhibit favorable characteristics, such as excellent flowability and compressibility (pharmaceuticals), 10 anticaking properties and functional effectiveness (food), 11 outstanding packability and stability (fertilizers), 12 as well as enhanced mechanical properties and safety (explosives). 13,14 Veesler et al capitalized on the nucleation of droplets to introduce a spherical crystallization method, which paved the way for further studies on the optimization of the oiling-out process. 15 In recent years, the spherical particle with oiling-out crystallization has received growing attention in the chemical industry because of its advantages in reducing the number of unit operations as well as the amount of highly toxic waste generated compared to the traditional spherical agglomeration technology.…”

“…In addition, they successfully manipulated the crystal aspect ratio by adjusting solvent content, accomplishing the production of large crystals that had never been achieved through single-phase crystallization methods . Moreover, oiling-out crystallization holds potential for creating spherulites that exhibit favorable characteristics, such as excellent flowability and compressibility (pharmaceuticals), anticaking properties and functional effectiveness (food), outstanding packability and stability (fertilizers), as well as enhanced mechanical properties and safety (explosives). , Veesler et al. capitalized on the nucleation of droplets to introduce a spherical crystallization method, which paved the way for further studies on the optimization of the oiling-out process .…”