Fabrication of Low-Cost Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Embossing or Cut-and-Stack Methods

Thuo, Martin M.; Martínez, Ramsés V.; Lan, Wenjie; Liu, Xinyu; Barber, Jabulani Randall; Atkinson, Manza B. J.; Bandarage, Dineth; Bloch, Jean‐Francis; Whitesides, George M.

doi:10.1021/cm501596s

Cited by 148 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…When such pressure is targeted/localized, and with the appropriate lubrication to mitigate fiber damage, a channel can be created (Figure 2(a)). We 28,29 and others 5,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] have shown that paper can be rendered hydrophobic by treatment with alkyl trichlorosilanes (Figures 1(b) and 1(c); see details in the supplementary material Figure S1). 29 We, therefore, hypothesized that co-deposition of an appropriately functionalized silane during the asymmetric calendaring could lead to a channel with desired wetting properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…To validate the capability of fabricated channels as microfluidic devices, a "Y" design was used for fluid flow and theoretically compared with the literature (Figures 3(a)-3(c)). 5,8,10,11,14,16,18,20,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Other geometries were also fabricated (Figures 3(d) and 3(e)) to show the versatility of the targeted asymmetric calendaring and hydrophobization (TACH) method. The microfluidic devices were manufactured using paper and tested with dyed water (food color) for visualization.…”

Section: B Channel Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Since TACH does not lead to deformation of the overall paper surface, we evaluated the versatility of stacking as a tool to tune the channel depth (supplementary material Figures S4c and S4d). We demonstrated that one can easily exploit the stack ability of paper to tune (adjust) the depth of created channels (Figure 3(e)).…”

Section: B Channel Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In paper-based devices, the closed channels are filled with paper fibers. [5][6][7] The closed channels, however, cannot be used with heterogeneous samples (where the heterogeneity defines the desired property) because wicking occurs with concomitant sample segregation/separation (paper chromatography). The open channels, on the other hand, can accommodate complex fluidic samples but often require skilled manpower, involve expensive fabrication methods, are sometimes tedious to fabricate, and cannot be prepared in the field (low-resource settings) on demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it fits the materials' needs for improved microfluidic devices, but its native wetting properties render it incompatible with most environmental or bio-analytical samples. 5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] A range of methods have been developed to control its wetting properties, such as surface modification through particle deposition, wax printing, and sol-gel techniques, among many others. 8,9,16,[22][23][24][25][26][27] Paper as a material is asymmetric in its porosity across the thickness, a feature that is a consequence of the preparation methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paper-based microfluidic devices by asymmetric calendaring

et al. 2017

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We report a simple, efficient, one-step, affordable method to produce open-channel paper-based microfluidic channels. One surface of a sheet of paper is selectively calendared, with concomitant hydrophobization, to create the microfluidic channel. Our method involves asymmetric mechanical modification of a paper surface using a rolling ball (ball-point pen) under a controlled amount of applied stress (r z ) to ascertain that only one side is modified. A lubricating solvent (hexane) aids in the selective deformation. The lubricant also serves as a carrier for a perfluoroalkyl trichlorosilane allowing the channel to be made hydrophobic as it is formed. For brevity and clarity, we abbreviated this method as TACH (Targeted Asymmetric Calendaring and Hydrophobization). We demonstrate that TACH can be used to reliably produce channels of variable widths (size of the ball) and depths (number of passes), without affecting the nonworking surface of the paper. Using tomography, we demonstrate that these channels can vary from 10s to 100s of microns in diameter. The created hydrophobic barrier extends around the channel through wicking to ensure no leakages. We demonstrate, through modeling and fabrication, that flow properties of the resulting channels are analogous to conventional devices and are tunable based on associated dimensionless numbers. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: B Channel Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Channel Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paper-based microfluidic devices by asymmetric calendaring

et al. 2017

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Microfluidics: Recent Advances Toward Lab‐on‐Chip Applications in Bioanalysis

Sharma

2021

Adv Eng Mater

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Microfluidics is an emerging technology of flow and control of fluids in microscale volume that offers highly specialized solutions to rapid, sensitive, noninvasive analysis and measurements in various engineering applications. When combined with microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), microfluidics technology has shown remarkable developments in small‐scale devices for biosensing, chemical solutions, and precise detection of particles at a higher rate. MEMS‐inspired microfluidics technology can contribute to the highly sensitive, recyclable, and portable sensing platforms for large‐scale integration devices. In this review, the history and developmental phases occurring in MEMS are detailed. Finally, this review is concluded with future scope and guidelines for enabling the various approaches to overcome the obstacles and the mass commercialization of microfluidic devices. Recent applications of microfluidics in biosensing are also highlighted where research should be focused in the future.

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A Battery‐Free Low‐Cost Paper‐Based Microfluidic Actuator

Kwan,

Wu,

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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This study presents a novel approach to create a low‐cost and user‐friendly water‐induced actuator based on hydrophobic papers and a simple embossing method. By injecting water onto the papers through microfluidic channels made by embossing, fast and reversible bending actuation can be induced. The actuation angle and speed are dependent on the amount and duration of the water applied, which allows the actuator to be effectively controlled by syringe injection/drawing without the need for an external power supply. A bending angle of >90° can be achieved in ≈15 s, with complete reversal attainable in ≈3 min; and the actuation can be induced again by resting for ≈1 h after the reversal. This work represents a significant contribution to the field of paper‐based microfluidics by demonstrating actuation in a battery‐free, low‐cost, and simple approach, with potential applications in paper‐based analytical devices such as medical diagnostics.

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Fabrication of Low-Cost Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Embossing or Cut-and-Stack Methods

Abstract: More detailed details on the dimensions of the dies, additional devices and videos of the running experiments are available in the supporting information.

Cited by 148 publications

References 34 publications

Paper-based microfluidic devices by asymmetric calendaring

Paper-based microfluidic devices by asymmetric calendaring

Microfluidics: Recent Advances Toward Lab‐on‐Chip Applications in Bioanalysis

A Battery‐Free Low‐Cost Paper‐Based Microfluidic Actuator

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