Fabrication of kinoform structures for optical computing

Gale, M. D.; Lang, Graham K.; Raynor, Jeffrey M.; Schütz, Helmut; Prongué, D.

doi:10.1364/ao.31.005712

Cited by 40 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…8 (the nm shims were slightly different modulation amplitudes are due to smaller shims different measurement line positions). An atomic ;tructure.1 5 force microscope profile measurement of the central 140 [im x 140 Aim of the 400 pim x 400 jm unit cell is shown in Fig. 9.…”

Section: Diffraction Ordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 They can be fabricated by laser-beam writing in photoresist by using a high-precision scanning system with tight control of the resist processing. 5 Once this technology has been established, it can be effectively used for the fabrication of a wide variety of phase DOE's and other micro-optical components; the writing procedure is a single-step process, so the main effort in fabricating new microstructures would be in the design and programming. The fabrication of replicas by embossing or casting from a metal shim enables large numbers of elements to be generated from a single recording.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic system has been described in an earlier study, together with results for one-dimensional (1-D) fan-out DOE's. 5 The theory for the design of the optimized continuous phase-transfer function of such 1-D fan-out elements is described in Ref. 6 and is generalized for twodimensional (2-D) design in Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous-relief diffractive optical elements for two-dimensional array generation

et al. 1993

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Continuous surface-relief diffractive optical elements for two-dimensional array generation (fan-out) are designed and fabricated. Separable and nonseparable solutions for the two-dimensional element design are compared. The phase-grating microstructures are generated by laser-beam writing lithography in a single exposure step and converted to nickel shims by electroplating, enabling low-cost replicas to be produced by using laboratory and commercial replication processes. Results are presented for a 9 x 9 fan-out diffractive optical element with a measured efficiency of 94% and an overall uniformity within ±8%; replicas in epoxy have the same efficiency and a uniformity of ± 15%.

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Section: Diffraction Ordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous-relief diffractive optical elements for two-dimensional array generation

et al. 1993

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“…The work described was carried out at the Paul Scherrer Institute Zurich (PSIZ) using a laser writing system set-up in the early 1980s [9] and continuously improved in subsequent years [10,11,21. The technology developed enables a wide range of microoptical elements to be fabricated, including Fresnel microlenses and lens arrays, kinoform elements and general microrelief phase structures for a variety of applications in optical systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Fabrication of continuous-relief micro-optical elements by direct laser writing in photoresist</title>

1994

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Progress in the fabrication of continuous-relief microoptical elements by direct laser writing in photoresist followed by replication into epoxy or polymer materials is described. The technology enables a wide range of microoptical elements to be fabricated and replicated using Ni shims electroformed from the photoresist originals. Examples of fabricated microoptical elements are described, including microlens arrays, Fresnel microlenses, kinoforms and other continuous microrelief phase elements.

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“…Possessing a high diffraction efficiency, the kinoform optical elements are widely used for the beam splitting (fanout), beam shaping, and pattern or image generation [1,2] . The detailed description of the weighting iterative Fourier transform (WIFT) algorithm was given earlier [3] , where we also showed that it is most efficient for the synthesis of the kinoforms of binary objects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Weighting IFT algorithm for of f-axis quantized kinoforms of binary objects

Kim

Iezhov²,

Kuzmenko

2011

中国光学快报

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The results of experiments on the synthesis of the off-axis quantized kinoforms of binary objects with the use of the weighting iterative Fourier transform (WIFT) algorithm are presented. Kinoforms are registered with a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). A simple procedure to introduce the carrier frequency into the structure of an axial kinoform is proposed. An image reconstructed by an off-axis kinoform is free from the noises with the zero and close frequencies caused by the imperfection of both the phase mode of operation of the SLM and the effects of quantization of the registered phase. Data on the diffraction efficiency are also given.OCIS codes: 090.1995, 100.5070, 230.6120. doi: 10.3788/COL201109.120007. Possessing a high diffraction efficiency, the kinoform optical elements are widely used for the beam splitting (fanout), beam shaping, and pattern or image generation [1,2] . The detailed description of the weighting iterative Fourier transform (WIFT) algorithm was given earlier [3] , where we also showed that it is most efficient for the synthesis of the kinoforms of binary objects. In brief, the essence of the WIFT-algorithm consists in the following. Firstly, one or several iterations (K gs ) with an input real object f o are realized by the classical Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) scheme. Then, in all iterations with k > K gs at the formation of the input, the amplitude f o will be replaced by a new amplitude defined as f k = α k f o , where the weight coefficients α k are determined by the recurrence| is the reconstructed amplitude at the (k − 1)th iteration, and ε is a small number ∼ 10 −10 . The processing of the phases of an object plane and the kinoform remains the same as that in the classic GS-algorithm. From the viewpoint of optics, the system of weight coefficients α k normalized to unity can be interpreted as some objectdependent amplitude filter which acts on the initial object f o and varies in the process of iterations. We note that all the coefficients α k in the iteration process tend to unity in the case when the iterative process converges.In this letter, we study the potentialities of the WIFT algorithm at the synthesis of the off-axis kinoforms of binary objects with regard for the quantization of a phase registered with a spatial light modulator (SLM). In the course of modeling and optical experiments, we compared the WIFT algorithm with the kinoform version of the Fienup input-output (IO) algorithm [4] . The latter is most convenient for the sake of comparison, because it is well known and, like the weighting algorithm, differs from the GS-algorithm only by means of processing of a field in the object plane. The programming of the IO algorithm is realized by Eqs. (8)−(10) from Ref. [4].A number of model experiments with various binary objects (with sizes of 64×64 and 128×128) were realized with the purpose to compare the potentialities of the WIFT and IO algorithms at the synthesis of quantized kinoforms. In all the cases, the same phase starting diffuser with a uniform di...

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Fabrication of kinoform structures for optical computing

Cited by 40 publications

References 4 publications

Continuous-relief diffractive optical elements for two-dimensional array generation

Continuous-relief diffractive optical elements for two-dimensional array generation

<title>Fabrication of continuous-relief micro-optical elements by direct laser writing in photoresist</title>

Weighting IFT algorithm for of f-axis quantized kinoforms of binary objects

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