Fabrication of highly ordered nanoporous alumina films by stable high-field anodization

Li, Yanbo; Zheng, Maojun; i, L; Shen, Wei

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/20/010

Cited by 163 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Joule's heat generated from the specimen during hard anodizing is effectively removed using a heat sink on the back side of the specimen. The hard anodizing allows the fabrication of a self-ordered porous oxide with various cell diameters under high voltage conditions: sulfuric acid at 27-80 V to 72-145 nm [104], oxalic acid at 120-150 V to 220-300 nm [105], and phosphoric acid at 195 V to 320-380 nm [106]. In addition, several research groups have reported using the advanced hard anodizing technique to further extend the self-ordering voltage and the corresponding cell diameters [107][108][109][110][111].…”

Section: Fabrication Of Highly Ordered Porous Aluminum Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

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Anodizing of aluminum and its alloys is widely investigated and used for corrosion protection, electronic devices, and micro-/nanostructure fabrication. Anodizing of aluminum in acidic solutions causes formation of porous aluminum oxide films, which consists of numerous hexagonal cells perpendicular to the aluminum substrate, and each cell has nanoscale pores at its center. Recently, highly ordered porous aluminum oxide has been widely investigated for various novel nanoapplications. In this review article, we introduce the fundamentals of anodic oxide films including barrier and porous oxides. Then, we summarize the electrolyte species used so far for porous oxide fabrication and describe the self-ordering conditions during anodizing in these electrolyte solutions. Fabrication of highly ordered porous oxides through the vertical section can be achieved by a two-step anodizing and nanoimprint technique. Various nanoapplications based on the ordered porous oxide are also introduced.

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Section: Fabrication Of Highly Ordered Porous Aluminum Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

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“…We also added alcohol to the aqueous solution to tune the ionic conductivity in the pores. [ 19,21,42 ] The preformed oxide layer can be grown using a pre-anodization step carried out under mild conditions, which are stable from the beginning. Phosphoric acid anodization at low voltages can serve this purpose.…”

Section: The Plot Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constrained Order in Nanoporous Alumina with High Aspect Ratio: Smart Combination of Interference Lithography and Hard Anodization

Moreno

Waleczek

Martens

et al. 2013

Adv Funct Materials

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With only two matched processing steps, the fabrication of thick nanoporous alumina membranes with mono‐oriented, perfect hexagonal packing of pores, and precise control of all structural parameters over large areas is demonstrated. The cylindrical pores are uniform in shape and widely tunable in their dimensions and spatial distribution, with aspect ratios as high as 500. In brief, electropolished aluminum is first patterned using three‐beam interference lithography in a single step and then anodized in a hard regime. The periodic concavities in the aluminum surface guide the pore nucleation, and the self‐ordering phenomenon guarantees the maintenance of the predefined arrangement throughout the entire layer. In contrast to other methods, the interpore distance can be easily adjusted, the porous layer is not limited in thickness, no prefabricated stamps are involved, and the periodic pattern can be easily reproduced without risk of degradation. The approach overcomes the time, cost, and scale limitations of other existing processes. These membranes are well‐suited for the templated fabrication of perfectly ordered arrays of highly uniform 1D nanostructures. Thus, the application fields of these functional membranes are diverse: magneto‐optical and opto‐electronic devices, photonic crystals, solar cells, fuel cells, and chemical and biochemical sensing systems, to name a few.

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“…12,13 In particular, PAA has become increasingly important in biomedical applications over the past years because of its chemical stability as well as orthopedic biomimetic and biologicallyinspired properties. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Recently, Wang et al and Hu et al studied NIH 3T3 (fibroblasts) and PC12 (pheochromocytoma) cellular behaviors on PAA with different pore sizes, but the nanopore arrays used in their study were in a disordered arrangement and pore size distribution was not even.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding improved osteoblast behavior on select nanoporous anodic alumina

Yan

et al. 2014

IJN

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The aim of this study was to prepare different sized porous anodic alumina (PAA) and examine preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) attachment and proliferation on such nanoporous surfaces. In this study, PAA with tunable pore sizes (25 nm, 50 nm, and 75 nm) were fabricated by a two-step anodizing procedure in oxalic acid. The surface morphology and elemental composition of PAA were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The nanopore arrays on all of the PAA samples were highly regular. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis suggested that the chemistry of PAA and flat aluminum surfaces were similar. However, contact angles were significantly greater on all of the PAA compared to flat aluminum substrates, which consequently altered protein adsorption profiles. The attachment and proliferation of preosteoblasts were determined for up to 7 days in culture using field emission scanning electron microscopy and a Cell Counting Kit-8. Results showed that nanoporous surfaces did not enhance initial preosteoblast attachment, whereas preosteoblast proliferation dramatically increased when the PAA pore size was either 50 nm or 75 nm compared to all other samples ( P <0.05). Thus, this study showed that one can alter surface energy of aluminum by modifying surface nano-roughness alone (and not changing chemistry) through an anodization process to improve osteoblast density, and, thus, should be further studied as a bioactive interface for orthopedic applications.

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Fabrication of highly ordered nanoporous alumina films by stable high-field anodization

Cited by 163 publications

References 17 publications

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Constrained Order in Nanoporous Alumina with High Aspect Ratio: Smart Combination of Interference Lithography and Hard Anodization

Understanding improved osteoblast behavior on select nanoporous anodic alumina

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